Liver is a primary organ involved in biotransformation of foods and drugs. Liver diseases are a major worldwide problem; Hepatic disorders are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, e.g. - alcohol, carbon tetra chloride, anticancer agent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-tuberculosis agent and heavy metals. Various risk factors for liver damage include age, gender, alcoholism, nutrition and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P₄₅₀ have also been considered. The present review enumerate various hepatic diseases, risk factors and chemicals induced hepatic injury via different mechanical pathway  as well as numerous biochemical changes viz. serum biomarkers, proteomics biomarkers, genomic biomarkers, metabolic biomarkers and micro RNA. This review could be immensely useful for researchers especially for pharmacologists, toxicologist working on hepatotoxicity and drug research organization.

Retrieval of biomedical pictures is a significant side of computer based diagnosis. It helps the radiologist and restorative authority to spot and analyze the particular disease. This paper proposes a Content Based Medical Image Retrieval (CBMIR) approach for retrieving similar biomedical images. The extraction of retrieving features is based on histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and canny edge detection. To reduce the dimensionality, principal component analysis(PCA) is employed over the feature vector. The experiments are conducted on high-resolution computed tomography medical images of lungs. With the average retrieval rate (ARR) and average retrieval precision (ARP), the performance of the proposed approach is analyzed and compared with other existing methods viz. Local Binary Pattern (LBP), LBP with uniform patterns (LBPu2), Local Mesh Pattern with uniform patterns (LMePu2) and LMeP with gabor transform (GLMeP).

Summary Objective- In present study, eleven novel dose combinations of Pregabalin & Venlafaxine from minimum effective dose to higher anxiolytic dose were taken for assessment of anxiolytic activity in Swiss mice.

Method — Classical animal models of anxiety vise: Elevated plus-maze model and Light & Dark Exploration test Apparatus. Diazepam was used as a standard anxiolytic. In addition the combinations were also compared with a fixed dose marketed combination of Alprazolam & Sertraline (Anxit Plus).

Result — The results of the study reveal that combinations of Pregabalin & Venlafaxine (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) have better anxiolytic efficacy, which is comparable to Diazepam and Alprazolam-Sertraline combination.

Conclusion- Further clinical studies are required for getting better idea about efficacy and clinical utility of Pregabalin-Venlafaxine combination.

The fracture of distal tibia bone is one of the most serious cases in the world, especially pilon fractures type. This is due to fact that the ankle joint involve soft tissue problems (cartilage and ligaments) and can cause to long-term disability. The treatment of pilon fractures are depending on several aspects where this may lead to complications. Different types of pilon fractures may not use similar treatment and the choices can be included several internal and external fixators. Therefore, this recent article is reviewing the principles of external fixator in treating pilon fractures. The use of this system with properly applied allows bony stability and increasing soft tissue care monitoring after fixation is achieved. The review discusses about the basic configurations of external fixator, stability of the external fixator and healing process. The findings will provide an additional information to medical doctors and engineers to decide the best configurations for patients associated with pilon fractures.

Objectives: To establish a simple, reliable, stable rat C6 glioma model, and to provide an operating platform for

studying the pathogenesis and prevention and treatment of glioma. Methods: C6 rat glioma cells were cultured in vitro and cultured in the right caudate putamen of SD rats. After implantation, the survival status of rats was observed and the pathological sections were made. HE is dyeing under light microscope. Results: After 6 days of inoculation of C6 glioma cells, the survival status was good at about 7 days, and the intracranial hypertension was more obvious at about 14 days. Most of them were in the endangered state. In the 18 specimens of the rats, except for the accidental death, the other tumor formation rate was 75%. The tumor structure was obviously displaced with the prolongation of the age of the tumor. HE staining was used to observe the formation of glioma in rat brain. Conclusion: The animal model of C6 glioma is reliable and stable. Its tumor growth characteristics and pathological features are similar to those of human glioma, which can be used as an ideal model for clinical study of glioma.