Abstract The species currently listed as rare plants are roughly divided into two types. The populations of one type of rare plants (including Pellionia minima  Makino) have decreased due to habitat changes (e.g., from a wet environment to a dry environment) by human-driven development. The populations of the other type of rare plants (including disturbance-dependent species) have decreased because they are unmanaged. The former type of plants is stress tolerance-strategy or competition-strategy species, whereas the latter is only ruderal-strategy species. The stress tolerance-strategy or competition-strategy species do not need management after the protection period ends, but the ruderal-strategy species require adaptive management even after the protection period expires. The protection period of P. minima  (a stress-tolerant competitor) is estimated to be approx. 1 year after transplant because P. minima  have sufficient ecological adaptability and resilience, and growth in these plants is confirmed roughly 1 year after transplant.

Abstract Cloud forests are ecosystems with a restricted distribution and high biodiversity, but they are highly threatened due to land use change. The objective of this study is to evaluate and prioritize existing cloud forest fragments to achieve their long-term conservation, combining threat levels and the potential response capacity of various conservation instruments in Mexico, through a triage tool. Threat levels were calculated based on human disturbance coverage, estimated specifically for Mexico. The response capacity was estimated using the presence of the different conservation instruments in each fragment. Once the triage level per fragment was obtained, these were analyzed by ecoregion. The results showed that the area of primary cloud forest ,  has been reduced between 53–73%, and only 31.6% (including primary and secondary forest) is under some protection scheme. We identified a group of fragments on the Pacific slope that require special attention due to the small coverage and their high level of priority. The ecoregions: Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Los Altos de Chiapas, Sierra Madre Oriental and Central Mexico corresponding to the largest concentration of cloud forest in the trans-Mexican volcanic belt,70% of which are listed as a priority for emergency protection.

Abstract Based on the multi-model ensemble average results of the CMIP5 program, we predict the changes of global terrestrial wind and solar energy resources from 2020 to 2030 under different future climate change scenarios. The results show that the multi-mode ensemble average results have high confidence in the simulation of global wind and solar energy resources. Under different climate scenarios (RCPs), t he changes in global terrestrial wind and solar energy resources in the next 2020-2030 (relative to 1986-2005) will have significant regional differences .  Among them, wind resources in the Americas, Africa and Australia increased, while European wind-rich areas decreased; those in Asia (e.g., Northwest China and Central Asia) increased in RCP2.6, but decreased in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Global terrestrial solar energy resources are increasing in different RCPs scenarios in the future, especially in European solar energy-rich areas. Wind energy and solar energy resources on the global land have obvious seasonal variation characteristics, and the seasonal variation rate varies greatly in different regions. The change trend and change range of wind energy and solar energy resources in different rich areas are different. There are some differences in the RCPs scenario .   I t shows the complexity of future changes in wind and solar energy resources in response to global climate change.

Abstract Distributed photovoltaic power generation projects contribute to the coordinated and sustainable development of “energy—economy—environment”. The spatio-temporal coupling relationship between regional solar resources and distributed photovoltaic power generation projects is studied. Taking Beijing area as the research object, a variety of spatial analysis methods are proposed to explore the relationship between solar resources and distributed photovoltaic power generation projects from a new perspective of spatial geography. The spatio-temporal coupling suitability of regional solar energy resources and distributed photovoltaic power generation project development area was scientifically evaluated. The research results can provide suggestions and decision support for optimizing the timing of regional development of photovoltaic power generation, and also provide reference for planning and layout optimization of photovoltaic power generation projects in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and other regions.

Abstract The total solar radiation and insolation hours in Wanshan Island were analyzed by linear regression analysis, distance level analysis method, 5-year sliding average method, and Mann-Kendall test method. The results showed that the total solar radiation in Wanshan Island showed a slight upward trend, and the total monthly solar radiation showed a unimodal distribution, with the highest in July and the lowest in February. The number of annual sunshine hours showed a weak downward trend, and the number of monthly sunshine hours showed a double-peak distribution, with the highest in July and the lowest in March. The analysis and evaluation of solar energy resources in the Wanshan Island area show that the annual average of total solar radiation in the Wanshan Island area is 4,996.25 MJ/m 2 , belonging to a resource-rich area. The indicator of the stability of solar energy resources is 3.7, which belongs to the resources of more stable areas.

Abstract Solar energy is the only renewable energy source likely to be developed on a large scale in Singapore. Singapore has limited land resources. According to the land use, the solar energy exploitable areas can be divided into five categories: rooftop photovoltaic, building surface photovoltaic, land-based photovoltaic, floating photovoltaic and infrastructure photovoltaic. The total development area of each type of photovoltaic is about 3,680 × 10 4  m 2 . According to the assessment, Singapore has about 968 × 10 4  kW in 2050, of which distributed solar energy accounted for about 74%. Roof, building and infrastructure photovoltaic mainly adopt distributed development with high cost of per kWh; land-based and floating photovoltaic mainly adopt centralized development with low cost. According to the cost reduction speed and development degree of various kinds of solar energy, two solar energy development paths from 2030 to 2050 are proposed, namely, the full development path and the economic development path. The full development path aims at the full development of solar energy potential, and the economic development path considers the kilowatt-hour cost of solar energy development. The difference between the two paths focuses on the development degree of rooftop photovoltaic and building surface photovoltaic. Under the full development path, the electrification level reaches 61%, 16 percentage points higher compared with the economic development path; the installed renewable energy capacity reaches 51%, 19 percentage points higher compared with the economic development path. On the basis of two solar energy development paths, two 2050 energy scenarios adapted to different solar energy development paths are proposed. Singapore is unable to be carbon neutral in either development path or  needs to increase transnational transmission.

Abstract In order to cope with the shortage of conventional energy and curb the sustainable development of global warming, it expounds on the natural conditions and national policies for the development of solar energy in Wulian County, and points out that the development and utilization of solar energy resources is an inevitable trend to cope with climate change, introduces the current situation of solar energy utilization in Wulian County, as well as the lack of specific policies and perfect economic subsidy measures, insufficient understanding of the strategic significance of solar energy resources, the fact that resource advantages have not been converted into economic advantages, and the prospects for solar energy utilization, such as solar water heaters. Solar ovens, solar cells, and solar power generation were analyzed, and the development and utilization of solar energy resources were promoted by formulating mandatory policies for the development and utilization of new energy, government incentive subsidies, and formulating development plans. 

Abstract As an important metal mineral, manganese is widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, national defense industry and other fields. Global manganese resources are characterized by extremely uneven distribution, highly concentrated production capacity, and serious separation between supply and demand. China’s manganese resources are characterized by extensive distribution but insufficient reserves, low grade and poor quality, high external dependence, and imperfect resource guarantee system. In recent years, China’s manganese industry has developed rapidly, and China has become the world’s largest consumer of manganese resources. With the growth of new energy market, the contradiction between supply and demand of manganese resources in China will further increase in the future. Based on the actual situation that manganese ore is still in short supply and in great demand in China, in order to ensure the strategic safety of national manganese ore resources and promote the healthy development of China’s manganese industry, this paper puts forward sustainable development suggestions such as formulating long-term supply planning, strengthening overseas layout, promoting capacity cooperation and establishing a diversified security system.