When COVID-19 hit all the Asian countries, Indonesia issued various laws and regulations. This study investigates these laws that do not improve the country’s ability to increase its adaptive structuration and foresight-oriented investment. It analyzes all the new laws, which should be based on the requirements of both concepts. It considers that all the laws are intended to defend the Government of Indonesia’s economic performance (GoI). It means that all the established regulations were built on the premise that they only focused on national economic preservation, especially economic growth. In other words, this study stated that the absence of regulations containing adaptive restructuration and foresight-oriented investment would decrease the state’s agility. This absence potentially impacts Indonesia to zcategorize the future as the state’s political failure. It shows evidence that Indonesia could not enforce and empower its structural potential. This study indicates that Indonesia made no foresight-oriented investment to cover the disbursed costs due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Future policies should be improved by including growth opportunities to enhance Indonesia’s agility. This agility could finally be achieved when all the laws issued by the GoI do not contain the praxis.

Acheampong, J., Baidoo, P., & Somuah, C. O. (2023). The influence of values, beliefs, and norms on succession planning and organizational culture: An investigation of their role in long-term success and survival. Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, 1(1), 67–77.

Al-Mulali, U., Solarin, S. A., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Investigating the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Natural Hazards, 80(3), 1729–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2050-x

Ambos, T. C., Ambos, B., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2006). Learning from foreign subsidiaries: An empirical investigation of headquarters’ benefits from reverse knowledge transfers. International Business Review, 15(3), 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.01.002

Anand, S., & Sen, A. (2000). Human development and economic sustainability. World Development, 28(12), 2029–2049. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00071-1

Arceneaux, K. (2012). Cognitive Biases and the Strength of Political Arguments. American Journal of Political Science, 56(2), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00573.x

Arnold, A. (2023). Innovation Governance During Crisis: Lessons Learned at Warp Speed During the Covid-19 Pandemic [PhD thesis]. Arizona State University.

Austin, J. T., Boyle, K. A., & Lualhati, J. C. (1998). Statistical Conclusion Validity for Organizational Science Researchers: A Review. Organizational Research Methods, 1(2), 164–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819812002

Baccaro, L., & Pontusson, J. (2016). Rethinking Comparative Political Economy. Politics & Society, 44(2), 175–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329216638053

Baltag, A., Moss, L. S., & Solecki, S. (2016). The logic of public announcements, common knowledge, and private suspicions. In: Readings in Formal Epistemology. Springer. pp. 773–812.

Banfield, E. C. (1985). Corruption as a feature of governmental organization. In: Here the People Rule. Springer. pp. 147–170.

Bertolini, D. (2019). Constitutionalizing Leviathan: A Critique of Buchanan’s Conception of Lawmaking. Homo Oeconomicus, 36(1–2), 41–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41412-019-00086-5

Bolick, C. (2000). Subverting the American Dream: Government Dictated “Smart Growth” Is Unwise and Unconstitutional. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 148(3), 859. https://doi.org/10.2307/3312827

Bray, D. (2013). Pragmatic ethics and the will to believe in cosmopolitanism. International Theory, 5(3), 446–476. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752971913000298

Brunstein, J. C., & Heckhausen, H. (2018). Achievement motivation. In: Motivation and action. Springer. pp. 221–304.

Buchanan, J. M., Wagner, R. E., Meckling, W. H., & Olson, M. (1978). The Political Biases of Keynesian Economics. In: Fiscal responsibility in constitutional democracy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7125-0_5

Burton-Jeangros, C., Cullati, S., Sacker, A., & Blane, D. (2015). A life course perspective on health trajectories and transitions. Springer.

Calder, B. J., Phillips, L. W., & Tybout, A. M. (1982). The Concept of External Validity. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 240. https://doi.org/10.1086/208920

Cao, L., Mohan, K., Xu, P., et al. (2009). A framework for adapting agile development methodologies. European Journal of Information Systems, 18(4), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2009.26

Caruso, G. D., & Morris, S. G. (2016). Compatibilism and Retributivist Desert Moral Responsibility: On What is of Central Philosophical and Practical Importance. Erkenntnis, 82(4), 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-016-9846-2

Castles, F. G., & Dowrick, S. (1990). The Impact of Government Spending Levels on Medium-Term Economic Growth in the Oecd, 1960-85. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2(2), 173–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692890002002003

Celık, S. (2012). The more contagion effect on emerging markets: The evidence of DCC-GARCH model. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 1946–1959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.06.011

Central Government of Indonesia. (2020a). Government Regulation Number 23 the Year 2020, I—Implementation of the National Economic Recovery Program in the Context of Supporting State Financial Policies for Handling Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and/or Facing Threats that Harm National Economy and/or Financial System Stability and Saving the National Economy. Central Government of Indonesia.

Central Government of Indonesia. (2020b). Presidential Regulation Number 54 the Year 2020, I. The Revision of Allocation and Details in the Income and Expenses of the State Budget 2020. Central Government of Indonesia.

Cervone, H. (2015). Systematic vs intuitive decision making and the Pareto principle: Effective decision-making for project teams. OCLC Syst. Serv., 31, 108–111.

Charness, G., Rustichini, A., & van de Ven, J. (2017). Self-confidence and strategic behavior. Experimental Economics, 21(1), 72–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-017-9526-3

Chen, H., Hongo, D. O., Ssali, M. W., et al. (2020). The Asymmetric Influence of Financial Development on Economic Growth in Kenya: Evidence From NARDL. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824401989407. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019894071

Chin, W. W., Gopal, A., & Salisbury, W. D. (1997). Advancing the Theory of Adaptive Structuration: The Development of a Scale to Measure Faithfulness of Appropriation. Information Systems Research, 8(4), 342–367. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.4.342

Chiu, M. M., & Khoo, L. (2005). Effects of Resources, Inequality, and Privilege Bias on Achievement: Country, School, and Student Level Analyses. American Educational Research Journal, 42(4), 575–603. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312042004575

Church, M. A., Elliot, A. J., & Gable, S. L. (2001). Perceptions of classroom environment, achievement goals, and achievement outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.43

Corsetti, G., & Roubini, N. (1995). Political biases in fiscal policy: Reconsidering the case for the Maastricht Fiscal Criteria. In: Monetary and Fiscal Policy in an Integrated Europe. Springer.

Cramer, P. (2008). Seven Pillars of Defense Mechanism Theory. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 1963–1981. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00135.x

Crespi, C., Laureiro-Martínez, D., Dodich, A., et al. (2018). Improving innovative decision-making: Training-induced changes in fronto-parietal networks. Brain and Cognition, 128, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.11.004

Daly, H. E. (2005). Economics in a Full World. Scientific American, 293(3), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0905-100

Davidson, K., & MacGregor, M. W. (1998). A Critical Appraisal of Self‐Report Defense Mechanism Measures. Journal of Personality, 66(6), 965–992. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00039

Delanty, G. (1998). The idea of the university in the global era: from knowledge as an end to the end of knowledge? Social Epistemology, 12(1), 3–25.

Deloitte, T. (2020). COVID-19 Regulation Update Summary. Available online: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/id/Documents/tax/id-tax-general-regulations-2nd-apr2020.pdf (accessed on 25 March 2024).

Demuijnck, G., & Fasterling, B. (2016). The Social License to Operate. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(4), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2976-7

DeSanctis, G., & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology Use: Adaptive Structuration Theory. Organization Science, 5(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121

Dey, I. (2003). Qualitative Data Analysis. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203412497

Dost, M., Badir, Y. F., Ali, Z., et al. (2016). The impact of intellectual capital on innovation generation and adoption. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(4), 675–695. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-04-2016-0047

Doucouliagos, C. (2005). Publication Bias in the Economic Freedom and Economic Growth Literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(3), 367–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00252.x

Dufva, M., & Ahlqvist, T. (2015). Elements in the construction of future-orientation: A systems view of foresight. Futures, 73, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.08.006

Fatem, S. M., Awang, S. A., Pudyatmoko, S., et al. (2018). Camouflaging economic development agendas with forest conservation narratives: A strategy of lower governments for gaining authority in the re-zcentralizing Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 78, 699–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.018

Gerring, J., & Thacker, S. C. (2004). Political Institutions and Corruption: The Role of Unitarism and Parliamentarism. British Journal of Political Science, 34(2), 295–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123404000067

Gilardi, F., & Wasserfallen, F. (2019). The politics of policy diffusion. European Journal of Political Research, 58(4), 1245–1256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12326

Gilbert, P. (1998). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(4), 447–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1998.tb01002.x

Go, D. S. (1994). External shocks, adjustment policies, and investment in a developing economy: Illustrations from a forward-looking CGE model of the Philippines. Journal of Development Economics, 44(2), 229–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(94)90043-4

Goetz, T., Sticca, F., Pekrun, R., et al. (2016). Intraindividual relations between achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions: An experience sampling approach. Learning and Instruction, 41, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.10.007

Gonzalez, J. M., Johnson, F. R., Levitan, B., et al. (2018). Symposium Title: Preference Evidence for Regulatory Decisions. The Patient—Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 11(5), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-018-0311-y

Hai, D. P., Roig-Dobón, S., & Sánchez-García, J. L. (2016). Innovative governance from public policy unities. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1524–1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.135

Hammond, P. J. (1988). Consequentialism and the independence axiom. In: Risk, decision, and rationality. Springer. pp. 503–516.

Hampton, J. A. (1995). Testing the Prototype Theory of Concepts. Journal of Memory and Language, 34(5), 686–708. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1995.1031

Harding, J. P., Rosenblatt, E., & Yao, V. W. (2009). The contagion effect of foreclosed properties. Journal of Urban Economics, 66(3), 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2009.07.003

Haselton, M. G., Nettle, D., & Murray, D. R. (2015). The evolution of cognitive bias. In: The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Wiley. pp. 1–20.

Hasle, P., & Øhrstrøm, P. (2015). Future Contingents. In: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University Press.

Hepburn, C., O’Callaghan, B., Stern, N., et al. (2020). Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate or retard progress on climate change? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36.

Höchtl, J., Parycek, P., & Schöllhammer, R. (2015). Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision making in the digital era. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 26(1–2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1125187

Holzinger, K., Haer, R., Bayer, A., et al. (2018). The Constitutionalization of Indigenous Group Rights, Traditional Political Institutions, and Customary Law. Comparative Political Studies, 52(12), 1775–1809. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018774347

Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

Huang, K. X. D., Meng, Q., & Xue, J. (2009). Is forward-looking inflation targeting destabilizing? The role of policy’s response to current output under endogenous investment. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 33(2), 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2008.05.009

Jussim, L. (2015). Précis of Social Perception and Social Reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1500062x

Kaufman, G. (2004). The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes. Springer Publishing Company.

Laskovaia, A., Marino, L., Shirokova, G., & Wales, W. (2019). Expect the unexpected: examining the shaping role of entrepreneurial orientation on causal and effectual decision-making logic during economic crisis. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(5–6), 456–475.

Leks&Co. (2020). Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 the Year 2020, I—State Financial Policy and Stability of Financial Systems for the Management of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) and/or Encounter the Threat to National Economy and/or Stability of Financial Systems. Leks&Co.

Lipsey, M. W. (2000). Statistical Conclusion Validity. Validity and social experimentation: Donald Campbell’s legacy, 1, 101.

Little, K., Riby, D. M., Janes, E., et al. (2013). Heterogeneity of social approach behaviour in Williams syndrome: The role of response inhibition. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(3), 959–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.11.020

Lurie, N. H., & Mason, C. H. (2007). Visual Representation: Implications for Decision Making. Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.71.1.160

Machts, N., Kaiser, J., Schmidt, F. T. C., et al. (2016). Accuracy of teachers’ judgments of students’ cognitive abilities: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 19, 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.06.003

MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (2012). Cognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143052

Mahoney, J. T., Huff, A. S., & Huff, J. O. (1994). Toward a New Social Contract Theory in Organization Science. Journal of Management Inquiry, 3(2), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649269432005

Marques, A. C., Fuinhas, J. A., & Pereira, D. S. (2019). The dynamics of the short and long-run effects of public policies supporting renewable energy: A comparative study of installed capacity and electricity generation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 63, 188–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.06.004

Marsh, H. W. (1986). Self-serving effect (bias?) in academic attributions: Its relation to academic achievement and self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(3), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.78.3.190

Marsh, H. W., & Roche, L. A. (1997). Making students’ evaluations of teaching effectiveness effective: The critical issues of validity, bias, and utility. American Psychologist, 52(11), 1187–1197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.52.11.1187

Martimort, D., & Semenov, A. (2007). Political Biases in Lobbying under Asymmetric Information. Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(2–3), 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2007.5.2-3.614

Martin, K. (2015). Understanding Privacy Online: Development of a Social Contract Approach to Privacy. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(3), 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2565-9

Maruna, S., & Mann, R. E. (2006). A fundamental attribution error? Rethinking cognitive distortions†. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506x114608

Mellahi, K., & Wilkinson, A. (2004). Organizational failure: a critique of recent research and a proposed integrative framework. International Journal of Management Reviews, 5–6(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-8545.2004.00095.x

Morkovkin, D. E., Mamychev, A. Y., Yakovenko, N. V., et al. (2016). Factors and material conditions for the space-intensive economic development of the region. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(1S).

Nabi, A. A., Asghar, M., Ayub, F., et al. (2023). Work-Life Synergy: Examining” Commitment’s Role in Fostering Well-Being amidst Competing Demands. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8261437

Newton, N. J. (1997). Tribal Court Praxis: One Year in the Life of Twenty Indian Tribal Courts. American Indian Law Review, 22(2), 285. https://doi.org/10.2307/20068853

Norman, S., Luthans, B., & Luthans, K. (2005). The Proposed Contagion Effect of Hopeful Leaders on the Resiliency of Employees and Organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501200205

Nutt, P. C. (2004). Expanding the search for alternatives during strategic decision-making. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(4), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2004.15268668

O’Brien, E., & Robertson, P. (2009). Future leadership competencies: from foresight to current practice. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(4), 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910959317

O’Connor, C. M., Anoushiravani, A. A., DiCaprio, M. R., et al. (2020). Economic Recovery After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Resuming Elective Orthopedic Surgery and Total Joint Arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 35(7), S32–S36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.038

Pagel, S., & Westerfelhaus, R. (2019). “The Leopard Does Not Change Its Spots”: Structuration Theory and the Process of Managerial Decision-Making Regarding Popular Management Theories. International Journal of Business Communication, 232948841982989. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488419829890

Peterson, E. R., Rubie-Davies, C., Osborne, D., et al. (2016). Teachers’ explicit expectations and implicit prejudiced attitudes to educational achievement: Relations with student achievement and the ethnic achievement gap. Learning and Instruction, 42, 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.010

Petticrew, M., Rehfuess, E., Noyes, J., et al. (2013). Synthesizing evidence on complex interventions: how meta-analytical, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches can contribute. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(11), 1230–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.06.005

Poole, M., & DeSanctis, G. (1990). Understanding the use of Group Decision Support Systems: The Theory of Adaptive Structuration. Organizations and Communication Technology, 173–193. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325385.n8

Puig, S., & Shaffer, G. (2018). Imperfect Alternatives: Institutional Choice and the Reform of Investment Law. American Journal of International Law, 112(3), 361–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.70

Ramstad, E. (2009). Expanding innovation system and policy—an zorganizational perspective. Policy Studies, 30(5), 533–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870903208551

Rehman, M. F. (2024). Examining Leadership Behavior during COVID-19: A Phenomenological Study of the Contingent Approach. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.11279950

Rehman, W. U., & Khan, M. A. (2023). From Margins to Mainstream: A Longitudinal Analysis of Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan and the Role of International Tourism. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.10390502

Resnik, D. B., & Elliott, K. C. (2019). Value-entanglement and the integrity of scientific research. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 75, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2018.12.011

Rohrbeck, R. (2010). Corporate foresight: towards a maturity model for the future orientation of a firm. Springer Science & Business Media.

Rohrbeck, R., & Bade, M. (2012). Environmental scanning, futures research, strategic foresight, and organizational future orientation: a review, integration, and future research directions. Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2080448 (accessed on 15 March 2024).

Rosenfeld, M. (1984). Contract and justice: The relation between classical contract law and social contract theory. Iowa Law Review, 70, 769.

Sadiqa, B. A. (2023). Overcoming vaccine scepticism in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study of public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours towards COVID-19 vaccination. Available online: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/116204/1/MPRA_paper_116204.pdf (accessed on 28 March 2024).

Sánchez, W. A. (2022). A Frontier Market in the COVID-19 Era: Kazakhstan’s Economic Diversification in the 2020s. In: Central Asia and the Covid-19 Pandemic. Springer. pp. 139–170.

Scott Poole, M., & DeSanctis, G. (1992). Microlevel structuration in computer-supported group decision making. Human communication research, 19(1), 5–49.

Shortt, D., Hallett, F., Spendlove, D., et al. (2012). Teaching, morality, and responsibility: A Structuralist analysis of a teachers’ code of conduct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(1), 124–131.

Sinclaire, J. K., & Vogus, C. E. (2011). Adoption of social networking sites: an exploratory adaptive structuration perspective for global organizations. Information Technology and Management, 12(4), 293–314.

Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247.

Strauss, P. L. (1984). The place of agencies in government: Separation of powers and the fourth branch. Columbia Law Review, 84(3), 573–669.

Susilawati, S., Falefi, R., & Purwoko, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Economy of Indonesia. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal). Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 1147–1156.

Ten, C. L. (2017). Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 493–502.

Toneatto, T., Blitz-Miller, T., Calderwood, K., et al. (1997). Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(3), 253–266.

Tracey, P., & Stott, N. (2017). Social innovation: a window on alternative ways of organizing and innovating. Innovation, 19(1), 51–60.

Trullols, E., Ruisánchez, I., & Rius, F. X. (2004). Validation of qualitative analytical methods. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(2), 137–145.

Wang, P., & Li, F. (2019). China’s organization and governance of innovation–A policy foresight perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 304–319.

Westjohn, S. A., Arnold, M. J., Magnusson, P., & Reynolds, K. (2016). The influence of regulatory focus on global consumption orientation and preference for global versus local consumer culture positioning. Journal of International Marketing, 24(2), 22–39.

Whiteley, A., Price, C., & Palmer, R. (2013). Corporate culture change: adaptive culture structuration and negotiated practice. Journal of Workplace Learning.

Wolfe, F. (1989). Fibromyalgia: the clinical syndrome. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, 15(1), 1–18.

York, J. G. (2009). Pragmatic sustainability: Translating environmental ethics into competitive advantage. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(1), 97–109.