The territorial planning approach to allocating productive forces is based on the fact that territories have competitive advantages in producing specific products. However, in agriculture, the advantages principle cannot be used to shape the allocation patterns, due to a variety of intervening factors, such as the climatic and environmental conditions for agricultural production and the quality of land and availability of water. In the case of Russia, one of the most diverse countries in terms of the territorial disparities in agricultural production, this study examines the location and development patterns of the agricultural sector. The study identifies the competitive advantages of territories by comparing localization of agricultural production, production costs, performance, and profitability of agricultural producers, as well as prices of agricultural products in 78 different administrative regions in Russia. The study reveals which regions have more advantageous conditions for over-concentrating energy capacities, labor resources, fixed capital, and investments. However, at a certain point, over-concentrated production forces can lead to a deterioration in the performance of farmers due to an increase in capital intensity. Therefore, countries with significant regional differences in agricultural production should adjust their spatial development patterns according to the parameters of territories’ comparative advantages.

Akbari, M., Foroudi, P., Shahmoradi, M., et al. (2022). The Evolution of Food Security: Where Are We Now, Where Should We Go Next? Sustainability, 14(6), 3634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063634

Altukhov, A. I. (2023). Methodology for the formation of specialized high-tech zones in the country’s agriculture. Economics of Russian Agriculture, 7, 2–12. https://doi.org/10.32651/237-2

Bai, H., Wang, B., Zhu, Y., et al. (2022). Spatiotemporal Change in Livestock Population and Its Correlation with Meteorological Disasters during 2000–2020 across Inner Mongolia. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(10), 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11100520

Balassa, B. (1963). An Empirical Demonstration of Classical Comparative Cost Theory. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 45(3), 231. https://doi.org/10.2307/1923892

Bernard de Raymond, A. (2013). Detaching from agriculture? Field-crop specialization as a challenge to family farming in northern Côte d’Or, France. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.07.007

Bernhofen, D. M. (2005). Gottfried Haberler’s 1930 Reformulation of Comparative Advantage in Retrospect. Review of International Economics, 13(5), 997–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00550.x

Bespakhotny, G. V. (2019). About Development of the New Concept of the State Support of the Agricultural Enterprises. Economy of Agricultural and Processing Enterprises, 6, 8–11. https://doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2019-0-6-8-11

Blaug, M. (1997). Economic Theory in Retrospect. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511805639

Bogoviz, A. V., Vorobyov, S. P., & Vorobyova, V. V. (2016). Economic efficiency of specialization of the agricultural organizations of grain type. Economics of Russian Agriculture, 9, 43–49. https://doi.org/10.32651/2070-0288-2016-9-43-49

Borodin, K. G. (2021). Agrifood market forecasting methodology. Economy, Labor, Management in Agriculture, 2(12), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.33938/21122-60

Brucker, D. L., Jajtner, K., & Mitra, S. (2021). Does Social Security promote food security? Evidence for older households. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 44(2), 671–686. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13218

Chang, C.-L., & Fang, M. (2022). The connectedness between natural resource commodities and stock market indices: Evidence from the Chinese economy. Resources Policy, 78, 102841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102841

Constantin, M., Rădulescu, I., Andrei, J., et al. (2021). A perspective on agricultural labor productivity and greenhouse gas emissions in context of the Common Agricultural Policy exigencies. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 68(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2101053c

Czyżewski, B., & Matuszczak, A. (2016). A new land rent theory for sustainable agriculture. Land Use Policy, 55, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.002

D’Odorico, P., Chiarelli, D. D., Rosa, L., et al. (2020). The global value of water in agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(36), 21985–21993. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005835117

de Souza Ferreira Filho, J. B. (2013). Food security, the labor market, and poverty in the Brazilian bio‐economy. Agricultural Economics, 44(s1), 85–93. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12053

Dolgushkin, N. (2015). Improving the allocation of productive forces in the agricultural sector is the most important factor in the sustainable development of rural areas. Economy, Labor, Management in Agriculture, 25(4), 8–11.

Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S., Samuelson, P. (1997). Comparative advantage, trade, and payments in a Ricardian model with a continuum of goods. The American Economic Review, 67(5), 823-839.

Dubyansky, A. N. (2020). Ricardian theory of rent as interpreted by Sieber. Terra Economicus, 18(3), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2020-18-3-125-139

Economic Regionalisation and Intra-Industry Trade. (1992). OECD Development Centre Working Papers: Economic Regionalisation and Intra-Industry Trade. https://doi.org/10.1787/035300332827

Erokhin, V., Esaulko, A., Pismennaya, E., et al. (2021). Combined Impact of Climate Change and Land Qualities on Winter Wheat Yield in Central Fore-Caucasus: The Long-Term Retrospective Study. Land, 10(12), 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121339

Erokhin, V., Gao, T., & Ivolga, A. (2020). Structural Variations in the Composition of Land Funds at Regional Scales across Russia. Land, 9(6), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9060201

Erokhin, V., Tianming, G., Chivu, L., et al. (2022). Food security in a food self-sufficient economy: A review of China’s ongoing transition to a zero hunger state. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská Ekonomika), 68(12), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.17221/278/2022-agricecon

Federal Service of State Statistics of the Russian Federation. (2024). Statistics. Available online: https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistic (accessed on 23 March 2024).

Gao, T., Erokhin, V., & Arskiy, A. (2019). Dynamic Optimization of Fuel and Logistics Costs as a Tool in Pursuing Economic Sustainability of a Farm. Sustainability, 11(19), 5463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195463

Giné, X., Patel, S., Ribeiro, B., et al. (2022). Efficiency and equity of input subsidies: Experimental evidence from Tanzania†. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104(5), 1625–1655. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12314

Giuca, A., Stoica, D., Sterie, C., et al. (2022). Socio-economic analysis of development regions in Romania. Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 4(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.5937/wbjae2202169g

Gkiza, I. G., Nastis, S. A., Manos, B. D., et al. (2021). The economic effects of climate change on cereal yield in Greece: a spatial analysis selection model. International Journal of Global Warming, 23(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2021.113862

Karahasan, B. C., & Pinar, M. (2023). Climate change and spatial agricultural development in Turkey. Review of Development Economics, 27(3), 1699–1720. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12986

Kim, K., Chavas, J., Barham, B., et al. (2012). Specialization, diversification, and productivity: a panel data analysis of rice farms in Korea. Agricultural Economics, 43(6), 687–700. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00612.x

Kuzmenkova, V. (2013). Forecasting of territorial and sectoral structure of agricultural production. Economics of Agriculture of Russia, 9, 57-62.

Kuznetsova, T. Y. (2022). Inter-regional disparities in agriculture and rural population change in Russia. Baltic Region, 14(4), 162–181. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-10

Li, E., Coates, K., Li, X., et al. (2017). Analyzing Agricultural Agglomeration in China. Sustainability, 9(2), 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020313

Li, L. (2023). Commodity prices volatility and economic growth: Empirical evidence from natural resources industries of China. Resources Policy, 80, 103152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103152

Liu, Q., Xu, S., & Lu, X. (2020). Imbalance measurement of regional economic quality development: evidence from China. The Annals of Regional Science, 65(2), 527–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-020-00994-4

Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume. Macmillan.

Maslova, V., Zaruk, N., Fuchs, C., et al. (2019). Competitiveness of Agricultural Products in the Eurasian Economic Union. Agriculture, 9(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9030061

Migunov, R. A., & Syutkina, A. A. (2022). Research of challenges of the agro-industrial complex as the basis of strategic goal-setting of the development of the agricultural sector. Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj Selʹskohozâjstvennoj Akademii, 4, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2022-4-135-145

Nicholson, C. F., Stephens, E. C., Kopainsky, B., et al. (2021). Food security outcomes in agricultural systems models: Current status and recommended improvements. Agricultural Systems, 188, 103028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103028

Nurlanova, N., Satybaldin, A., Bekturganova, M., et al. (2018). Spatial distribution of economic growth and inequality: Kazakhstan's experience. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 5(3), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2018.vol5.no3.169

Pellegrina, H. S. (2022). Trade, productivity, and the spatial organization of agriculture: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102816

Porter, M. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1), 25–40.

President of the Russian Federation. (2020). On the Approval of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Available online: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/564161398 (accessed on 23 March 2024).

Rădulescu, I., Andrei, J., Chivu, L., et al. (2022). A short review on European developments in agricultural output price indices during 2008-2017: Are there significant changes? Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 69(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2201107r

Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. John Murray, Albemarle-Street.

Samygin, D., Lunochkin, D., Myakishev, A. (2023). Comparative advantages of the territories of the Russian Federation in the agricultural sector: Database (Data on average for 2017–2020). Available online: https://elib.pnzgu.ru/files/eb/doc/zMIVtQe3mJhw.pdf (accessed on 23 March 2024).

Samygin, D. Yu., Baryshnikov, N. G., & Mizjurkina, L. A. (2019). Models of Scenario Forecasting of the Region’s Agriculture Development. Economy of Region, 15(3), 865–879. https://doi.org/10.17059/2019-3-18

Serova, E. V. (2022). Sustainable agriculture: Why we are concerned today. Russian Journal of Economics, 8(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.84133

Sieber, N. (1870). On the doctrine of rent. Universitetskie Izvestiya, 5, 39.

Silaeva, L. (2023). Formation and development of specialized high-tech zones of production of agricultural products. Scientific Review: Theory and Practice, 13(95), 33–40.

Singbo, A. G., Emvalomatis, G., & Oude Lansink, A. (2021). The Effect of Crop Specialization on Farms’ Performance: A Bayesian Non-neutral Stochastic Frontier Approach. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.711530

Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Vol. 2: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00043218

Strategic Instruments of State Support Distribution in the Agrarian Sector. (2018). Economic Policy, 13(5), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2018-5-156-175

Stupen, R., Cherechon, O., Stupen, O., et al. (2020). Agro-climatic substantiation of growing agricultural crops in crop rotation. Scientific Papers—Series Management Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 20(3), 593–596.

Subić, J., Nastić, L., & Roljević-Nikolić, S. (2020). Economic effects of investment in dairy farming. Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 2(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.5937/wbjae2002135s

Suvorov, N., & Stancu, A. (2021). Environmental residues and contaminants. Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 3(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.5937/wbjae2101051s

Svetlov, N. M., Siptits, S. O., Romanenko, I. A., et al. (2019). The Effect of Climate Change on the Location of Branches of Agriculture in Russia. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 30(4), 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1075700719040154

Vinnichek, L., Ivanov, A. (2011). Conceptual frameworks of development, distribution and specialization of the grain production in the Penza region. The Agrarian Scientific Journal, 2, 64–70.

Wickström, B.-A. (2023). Ricardo and the farmers. Constitutional Political Economy, 35(1), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-023-09404-1

Yan, B., Li, Y., Qin, Y., et al. (2021). Spatial–temporal analysis of the comparative advantages of dairy farming: Taking 18 provinces or municipalities in China as an example. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 180, 105846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105846

Yang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., et al. (2022). Impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on livestock production in Kyrgyzstan. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1049187

Zaruk, N. F., Kagirova, M. V., Kharitonova, A. E., et al. (2022). Efficient lo cation of organic crop production by regions of russia. Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj Selʹskohozâjstvennoj Akademii, 3, 90–112. https://doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2022-3-90-112

Zhao, X., & Xiong, C. (2022). Spatial and Temporal Characteristics, Evolution Law and Improvement Path of China’s Animal Husbandry Production Pattern. Sustainability, 14(23), 15794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315794