Culture is a cohesive system of values, meanings, and behaviors. This study follows Hofstede’s framework of cultural dimensions, which is widely studied in different contexts. Although culture is a subject of extensive research, few recent studies evaluate culture between countries. This study analyzed the cultural dimensions identified in two Latin American countries: Colombia and Chile. In addition, it evaluated differences in both countries by sex. The study was conducted with 382 workers from Chile and 617 from Colombia. Significant differences were found between Colombia and Chile in power distance, paternalism, and masculinity-femininity. This exploratory study may contribute to discussing the role of culture and sex in organizations operating in different countries.

AlAnezi, A., & Alansari, B. (2016). Gender differences in Hofstede’s cultural dimensions among a Kuwaiti sample. European Psychiatry, 33(S1), 503–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1853

Alvesson, M. (2012). Understanding Organizational Culture, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications.

Awadh, A. M., & Saad, M. (2013). Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(1), 168–175.

Aycan, Z. (2015). Paternalistic Leadership. In: Cooper, C. L., Vodosek, M., Hartog, D. N., & McNett, J. M. (editors). Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Wiley & Sons.

Basabe, N., Paez, D., Valencia, J., et al. (2002). Cultural dimensions, socioeconomic development, climate, and emotional hedonic level. Cognition & Emotion, 16(1), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000158

Bazel-Shoham, O., Lee, S. M., Munjal, S., et al. (2023). Board gender diversity, feminine culture, and innovation for environmental sustainability. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 41(2), 293–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12672

Bel-Latour, L., & Granie, M. (2022). The influence of the perceived masculinity of an occupation of risk behavior: The case of firefighters. Safety Science, 150, 105702, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105702

Brown, K., & Osborne, S. (2012). Managing Change and Innovation in Public Service Organizations. Routledge.

Castaneda, D. I., Raineri, A., & Ramirez, C. (2022). Cultural dimensions in Colombia and Chile according to the Spanish version of the Dorfman and Howell questionnaire. Sustainability, 14(3), 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031623

Chen, Y., Friedman, R., Yu, E., et al. (2009). Supervisor–subordinate guanxi: Developing a three-dimensional model and scale. Management and Organization Review, 5(3), 375–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2009.00153.x

Chevrier, S. (2003). Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups. Journal of World Business, 38(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(03)00007-5

Coman, A., & Bonciu, C. (2016). Organizational culture in higher education: learning from the best. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 3(1), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i1.p135-145

Contiua, L., Gabor, M., & Stefanescuc, D. (2012). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and students’ ability to develop an entrepreneurial spirit. Procedia—Social and Behavior Sciences, 46, 5553–5557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.474

Correll, S. J., & Ridgeway, C. L. (2003). Expectation states theory. In: Delamater, J. (editor). Handbook of Social Psychology. Springer. pp. 29–51.

Cuddy, A., Wolf, E., Glick, P., et al. (2015). Men as cultural ideals: Cultural values moderate gender stereotype content. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000027

Culpepper, R. A., & Watts, L. R. (1999). Measuring cultural dimensions at the individual level: An examination of the Dorfman and Howell (1988) scales and Robertson and Hoffman (1999) scale. Academy of Strategic and Organizational Leadership, 3(1), 22–34.

Davis, R., & Cates, S. (2018). The implementation of organizational culture assessment instrument in creating a successful organizational culture change. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 15(1), 71–94.

Dawar, N., & Parker, P. (1996). A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of Interpersonal Business Studies, 27(3), 497–516. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490142

Deal, T., & Kennedy, A. (1982). Corporate Culture: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Addison Wesley.

Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of National Culture and Effective Leadership Patterns: Hofstede Revisited. Advances in International Comparative Management, 3, 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/t66257-000

Gallén, M. L., & Peraita, C. (2017). The relationship between femininity and sustainability reporting. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 24(6), 496–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1423

Gelfand, M., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 479–514. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559

Hartnell, C., Ou, A., & Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational culture effectiveness: A meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework’s theoretical suppositions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 677–694. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021987

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. SAGE Publications.

Hofstede, G. (1984). The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4279653

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications.

Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill.

Hofstede Insight. (2022). Compare Countries. Available online: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/fi/product/compare-countries/ (accessed on 7 April 2023).

Huang, S., & Crotts, J. (2019). Relationship between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and tourist satisfaction: A cross-country cross-sample examination. Tourism Management, 72, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.001

Idrovo, S., & Bosch, M. (2019). The impact of different forms of organizational support and work-life balance in Chile and Colombia. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracion, 32(3), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-10-2017-0306

Kincaid, R. (2022). Status, masculinity, and femininity at the intersection of age and gender. Social Science Research, 105, 102695, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102695

Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (1997). The impact of national culture on employee resistance to teams: Toward a model of globalized self-managing work team effectiveness. The Academy of Management Review, 22(3), 730–757. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1996.4979620

Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 285–320. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202

Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Dickson, P., & Weaver, K. M. (2010). Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: the impact of national culture on risk-taking and proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(5), 959–984. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00396.x

Littrell, R., & Cruz, E. (2013). North and South Latin America. Influence of values on preferred leader behavior in Chile and Mexico. Journal of Management Development, 32(6), 629–656. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2013-0055

Marcus, A. (2001). International and intercultural user-interface design. In: Stephanidis, C. (editor). User interfaces for all. Concepts, Methods, and Tools. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Martins I., Romani, G., & Atienza, M. (2021). An institutional approach to the development of business angel networks in Latin American emerging countries. European Business Review, 33(6), 918–941. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2020-0261

Merkin, R. (2006). Uncertainty avoidance and facework: A test of Hofstede model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.001

Mihet, R. (2013). Effects of culture on firm risk-taking: a cross-country and cross-industry analysis. Journal of Cultural Economics, 37(1), 109–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-012-9186-2

Miska, C., Szőcs, I., & Schiffinger, M. (2018). Culture’s effects on corporate sustainability practices: A multi-domain and multi-level view. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.12.001

Mussolino, D., & Calabro, A. (2014). Paternalistic leadership in family firms: Types of implications for intergenerational succession. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5, 197–210. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2013.09.003

Odor, H. (2018). Organisational Culture and Dynamics. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i1.em05

Peterson, M. F., & Søndergaard, M. (2014). Countries, within-country regions, and multiple-country regions in international management: A functional, institutional, and critical event (FICE) perspective. Management International Review, 54, 781–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-014-0228-1

Sagie, A., & Aycan, Z. (2003). A cross-cultural analysis of participative decision-making in organizations. Human Relations, 56(4), 453–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726703056004003

Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture. Sloan Management Review, 25(2), 3–16.

Schroeder, J. (2011). The impact of paternalism and organizational collectivism in multinational and family-owned firms in Turkey [Master’s thesis]. University of South Florida; 2011.

Suvaci, B. (2018). The impact of organizational culture on employees’ protean and boundaryless career attitudes: An empirical study of the banking sector in Turkey. Journal of Business and Management, 24(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.6347/JBM.201803_24(1).0001

Švarc, J., Lažnjak, J., & Dabić, M. (2019). Regional innovation culture in innovation laggard: A case of Croatia. Technology in Society, 58, 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.03.006

Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Association, 51(2), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095521

Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). “Examining the impact of Culture’s Consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions”: Correction to Taras, Kirkman, and Steel (2010). Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 888. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020939

Traczyńska, K., & Kunecka, D. (2018). Organizational culture in nursing teams based on the example of a particular hospital. Progress in Health Sciences, 8(1), 46–54.

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Westview Press.

Vescio, T., Schermerhorn, N., Gallegos, J., & Laubach, M. (2021). The affective consequences of threats to masculinity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 97, 104195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104195

Yaveroglu, I., & Donthu, N. (2002). Cultural influences on the diffusion of new products. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 14(4), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1300/J046v14n04_04