A study on how generational differences impact certain behavioural antecedents of employee creativity in Saudi Arabia
Vol 8, Issue 8, 2024
VIEWS - 1933 (Abstract)
Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that generational cohorts display behavioral differences due to rapid advancements in science and technology and enhanced living standards. However, systematic studies examining the behaviours of different generations and their impact on creativity and its various antecedents are scant. This study was undertaken to bridge this gap in the literature by focusing on how generational differences could impact a few behavioural antecedents and employee creativity. The antecedent behaviours examined include self-efficacy, organizational commitment, employee empowerment, and work engagement. Data for the study was collected online using structured, standardized questionnaires. Data were collected from 432 samples and analyzed using Smart-PLS. The results show that most of the proposed antecedents impacted creativity. However, generational differences did not moderate the relationship between the antecedents and creativity. The study will interest scholars and social scientists, as it is the first to be conducted in Saudi Arabia. The study also discusses the implications and limitations. It is expected that the findings of this study will trigger more studies.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
- AlAbood, A. & Sulphey, M. M. (2020). The relationship between career maximization and employee engagement, Management Science Letters, 10(11), 2597–2602. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.3.034
- AlAbood, A. & Sulphey. M. M. (2023). Workplace agility, intrinsic motivation, and role congruence antecedents of innovative work behavior: Evidence from Saudi Arabian organizations, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(3), 448–459. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.36
- Al-Kahtani, N. S., Sulphey, M. M., Delany, K., & Adow, A. H. E. (2020). The Influence of Psychological Capital on Workplace Wellbeing and Employee Engagement Among Saudi Workforce, Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 8(5), 233–225. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8522
- Alreck, P. L. & Settle, R. B. (1995). The Survey Research Handbook, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165921
- Amabile, T. M., & Pratt, M. G. (2016). The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.10.001
- Amabile, T. M. (1988) A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123–167.
- Arifin, N., Fuad, E. N., & Muhson, A. (2022). Innovative behaviour in religious-based theory of planned behaviour perspective. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 20. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1809
- Ay, F., Çalışkan, F., & Uysal Kasap, E. (2020). Is there a difference between the organizational commitment and organizational trust levels of generation X and generation Y nurses? SHYD, 7(2), 292–302.
- Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: Current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-11-2017-0207
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University Press.
- Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
- Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
- Berkup, S. B. (2014). Working With Generations X And Y In Generation Z Period: Management of Different Generations In Business Life. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p218
- Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G., & Saklofske, D. H. (2008). The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Personality Measurement and Testing. SAGE Publications Limited.
- Bozat, Z. A. (2021). Differences between Generation X and Y in Accordance with Organisational Commitment. Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 4(2), 350–366. https://doi.org/10.26677/tr1010.2021.912
- Brunetto, Y., Teo, S. T. T., Shacklock, K., et al. (2012). Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, well‐being and engagement: explaining organisational commitment and turnover intentions in policing. Human Resource Management Journal, 22(4), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00198.x
- Burawat, P. (2023). Examining generational differences in the workplace: narcissism, work centrality, and the impact on employee engagement and discretionary effort. Industrial and Commercial Training, 55(4), 509–543. https://doi.org/10.1108/ict-05-2022-0035
- Burstein, D. D. (2013). Fast Future: How the Millennial Generation is Shaping Our World. Beacon Press.
- Chen, P., & Choi, Y. (2008). Generational differences in work values: a study of hospitality management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(6), 595–615. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110810892182
- Cho, J. E., & Hu, H. (2009). The effect of service quality on trust and commitment varying across generations. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33(4), 468–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2009.00777.x
- Choi, W.-S., Kang, S.-W., & Choi, S. B. (2021). Innovative Behavior in the Workplace: An Empirical Study of Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy, Perceived Organizational Support, and Leader–Member Exchange. Behavioral Sciences, 11(12), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11120182
- Chung, Y. W. (2018). Workplace ostracism and workplace behaviors: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress and psychological empowerment. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(3), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1424835
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Conway, E. (2004). Relating career stage to attitudes towards HR practices and commitment: Evidence of interaction effects? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(4), 417–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000155
- Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L., et al. (2012). Generational Differences in Work-Related Attitudes: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-012-9259-4
- D’Amato, A., & Herzfeldt, R. (2008). Learning orientation, organizational commitment and talent retention across generations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 929–953. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810904402
- da Costa, S., Páez, D., Sánchez, F., et al. (2015). Personal factors of creativity: A second order meta-analysis. Revista de Psicología Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 31(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.06.002
- Daaleman, T. P., & Frey, B. B. (2004). Spirituality Index of Well-Being [dataset]. In PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA). https://doi.org/10.1037/t06487-000
- Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 39(2), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2015/39.2.02
- Dries, N., Pepermans, R., & De Kerpel, E. (2008). Exploring four generations’ beliefs about career. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 907–928. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810904394
- Egri, C. P., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Generation Cohorts and Personal Values: A Comparison of China and the United States. Organization Science, 15(2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1030.0048
- Fairlie R. W. (2012). Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners, and their Access to Financial Capital. U.S. Small Business Administration Report.
- Faulkner, J., & Laschinger, H. (2008). The effects of structural and psychological empowerment on perceived respect in acute care nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00781.x
- Fenzel, J. L. (2013). Examining Generational Differences in the Workplace: Work Centrality, Narcism, and their Relation to Employee Engagement. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
- Fernandez, S. (2009). Comparing Generation X to Generation Y on work-related beliefs. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/etd.fen9-fcyh (accessed on 29 May 2024).
- Fletcher, L., Bailey, C., & Gilman, M. W. (2017). Fluctuating levels of personal role engagement within the working day: A multilevel study. Human Resource Management Journal, 28(1), 128–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12168
- Fong, K. H., & Snape, E. (2013). Empowering Leadership, Psychological Empowerment and Employee Outcomes: Testing a Multi‐level Mediating Model. British Journal of Management, 26(1), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12048
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
- Foster, K. (2013). Generation and discourse in working life stories. The British Journal of Sociology, 64(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12014
- Gilson Lucy, L. and Shalley Christina, E. A. (2004). A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams’ Engagement in Creative Processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.07.001
- Gist, M. E. (1987). Self-Efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. The Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 472. https://doi.org/10.2307/258514
- Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
- Götz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2009). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach. In: Handbook of Partial Least Squares. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
- Gu, Y. D. & Peng, J. S. (2011). The Mechanism Study of the Creativity Self-Efficacy Sense Impact on Employee Innovative Behaviour. The Management of Scientific Research, 9, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.19571/j. cnki.1000-2995.2011.09.009
- Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.11.002
- Hair Jr, F. J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, G. V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-10-2013-0128
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd ed. Sage Publications Inc.
- Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., et al. (2011). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
- Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. In: Bakker, A. B. and Leiter, M. P. (editors). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. Psychology Press.
- Hansen, J.-I. C., & Leuty, M. E. (2011). Work Values Across Generations. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711417163
- Hayduk, L., Cummings, G., Boadu, K., et al. (2007). Testing! testing! one, two, three – Testing the theory in structural equation models! Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.001
- Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-09-2015-0382
- Hoole, C., & Bonnema, J. (2015). Work engagement and meaningful work across generational cohorts. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v13i1.681
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424
- Huang, J. (2017). The Relationship Between Employee Psychological Empowerment and Proactive Behavior: Self-efficacy As Mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(7), 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6609
- Hudson-Miles, R., & Broadey, A. (2022). Scenes from the history of the art school. Journal of Visual Art Practice, 21(4), 311–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702029.2022.2122240
- Jiang, Y., Li, P., Wang, J., & Li, H. (2019). Relationships between kindergarten teachers’ empowerment, job satisfaction, and organizational climate: A Chinese model. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543. 2019.1577773
- Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2000). Generation X and the Public Employee. Public Personnel Management, 29(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600002900105
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
- Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575
- Kaufman, J. C., & Glăveanu, V. P. (2021). An overview of creativity theories. In: Kaufman, J. C. & Sternberg, R. J. (editors). Creativity: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
- Kim, E. J., & Park, S. (2022). Female managers’ meaningful work and commitment: organizational contexts and generational differences. Baltic Journal of Management, 17(5), 637–653. https://doi.org/10.1108/bjm-12-2021-0474
- Kindrick Patterson, C. (2007). The impact of generational diversity in the workplace. Diversity Factor, 15(3), 17–22.
- King, C., Murillo, E., & Lee, H. (2017). The effects of generational work values on employee brand attitude and behavior: A multi-group analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 66, 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.07.006
- Klein, H. J., Brinsfield, C. T., & Molloy, J. C. (2006). Understanding workplace commitments independent of antecedents, foci, rationales, and consequences. Academy of Management Annual Meeting.
- Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guildford Press.
- Kostopoulos, I. (2018). Do Empowered Front‐Line Employees Perform Better? A Non‐linear Approach and the Role of Service Complexity. European Management Review, 16(2), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12153
- Krahn, H. J., & Galambos, N. L. (2013). Work values and beliefs of ‘Generation X’ and ‘Generation Y.’ Journal of Youth Studies, 17(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.815701
- Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
- Kupperschmidt, B. R. (2000). Multigeneration Employees: Strategies for Effective Management. The Health Care Manager, 19(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126450-200019010-00011
- Kwiecińska, M., Grzesik, K., Siewierska-Chmaj, A., et al. (2023). Generational differences in values and patterns of thinking in the workplace. Argumenta Oeconomica, 2023(2), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2023.1.05
- Lee, V.-H., Hew, J.-J., Leong, L.-Y., et al. (2020). Wearable payment: A deep learning-based dual-stage SEM-ANN analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 157, 113477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113477
- Lyons, S., & Kuron, L. (2014). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S139–S157. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1913
- Lyons, S., Urick, M., Kuron, L., et al. (2015). Generational Differences in the Workplace: There Is Complexity Beyond the Stereotypes. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.48
- Maake, G., Harmse, C. P., & Schultz, C. M. (2021). Performance management as a mediator for work engagement and employment relationships in the public sector in South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1507
- Macky, K., Gardner, D., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Generational differences at work: introduction and overview. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 857–861. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810904358
- Mahmood, A., & Sahar, A. (2017). Impact of psychological empowerment and perceived career support on employee work engagement with the mediating role of affective commitment. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(3), 1084–1099. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04612
- Mahmoudi, O. (2015). To Investigate the Relationship between Quality of Work Life and Employee’s Organizational Commitment in the Governmental Agencies Iran. Academic Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(4), 206–217
- Mann, G., Hodge, N., Runswick-Cole, K., et al. (2020). Developing productive partnerships with parents and carers. In: Inclusive Education for the 21st Century. Routledge.
- Mannheim, K. (1952). The Problem of Generations. In: Essays on the sociology of knowledge. Oxford University Press.
- Martin, C. A., & Tulgan, B. (2003). Managing the Generation Mix™ - From Collision to Collaboration. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2003(12), 975–983. https://doi.org/10.2175/193864703784755210
- Mayfield, M., & Mayfield, J. (2010). Developing a Scale to Measure the Creative Environment Perceptions: A Questionnaire for Investigating Garden Variety Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 22(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.481511
- Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2018). Maximizing the Potential of Millennial Communication Professionals in the Workplace: A Talent Management Approach in the Field of Strategic Communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(5), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118x.2018.1508467
- Meyer, J. P., Paunonen, S. V., Gellatly, I. R., et al. (1989). Organizational commitment and job performance: It’s the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.152
- Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2006). Family Governance and Firm Performance: Agency, Stewardship, and Capabilities. Family Business Review, 19(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00063.x
- Mitchell, S. (2000). American generations: Who they are, how they live, what they think, 3rd ed. New Strategist Publications.
- Molix, L., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2010). Predicting Well‐Being Among Ethnic Minorities: Psychological Empowerment and Group Identity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 513–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00585.x
- Mostert, K., & Oldfield, G. (2011). Work-home interaction of employees in the mining industry. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 12(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i1.262
- Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. M. & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organizational linkage. Academic Press
- Noble, S. M., & Schewe, C. D. (2003). Cohort segmentation: An exploration of its validity. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 979–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00268-0
- Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/256657
- Olkkonen, R., & Saastamoinen, K. (2000). SPSS Basic Guide (Finnish). Turun kauppakorkeakoulu.
- Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
- Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., et al. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
- Rahi, S. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling Using SmartPLS. Createspace.
- Raines, C. (2003). Connecting generations: The sourcebook for a new workplace. Crisp Publications.
- Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-10-2015-0449
- Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational Behavior, 15th ed. Pearson.
- Sagituly, G., & Guo, J. (2023). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: comparing Generations X and Y. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2022.2163622
- Sahni, J. (2021). Employee Engagement Among Millennial Workforce: Empirical Study on Selected Antecedents and Consequences. SAGE Open, 11(1), 215824402110022. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002208
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
- Salim, A., Mohiya, M. S., & Sulphey, M. M. (2020). Do Long-term Orientation, Spirituality, Materialism, and Collectivism Impact the Self-Efficacy of Women Micro-Entrepreneurs: A Study Using SEM. Asian Women, 36(3), 91–123. https://doi.org/10.14431/aw.2020.9.36.3.91
- Sandhya, S., & Sulphey, M. M. (2019). An assessment of contribution of employee engagement, psychological contract and psychological empowerment towards turnover intentions of IT employees. International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, 5(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijewe.2019.097186
- Sandhya, S. & Sulphey, M. M. (2021). Influence of Empowerment, Psychological Contract and Employee Engagement on Voluntary Turnover Intentions. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 70(2), 325–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-04-2019-0189
- Savery, L. K., & Luks, J. A. (2001). The relationship between empowerment, job satisfaction and reported stress levels: some Australian evidence. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 22(3), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730110389247
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015630930326
- Schawbel, D. (2014). Gen Z Employees: The 5 Attributes You Need to Know. Available online: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/236560 (accessed on 29 May 2024).
- Schramm, J. & Williams, S. (2007). Workplace visions. Society for Human Resource Development, 4, 1–8.
- Schriesheim, C. A. (1979). The Similarity of Individual Directed and Group Directed Leader Behavior Descriptions. Academy of Management Journal, 22(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.2307/255594
- Shahnawaz, G. S., & Jafri, H. S. (2009). Psychological capital as predictors of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35, 78–84.
- Shalley, C. E. (1991). Effects of productivity goals, creativity goals, and personal discretion on individual creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.179
- Sharabi, M., & Harpaz, I. (2010). Improving employees’ work centrality improves organizational performance: Work events and work centrality relationships. Human Resource Development International, 13(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2010.501960
- Simon, M. K., & Goes, J. (2013). Dissertation and Scholarly Research: Recipes for Success. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
- Singh, A., & Gupta, B. (2015). Job involvement, organizational commitment, professional commitment, and team commitment. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 22(6), 1192–1211. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2014-0007
- Singh, S., Sahni, M. M., & Kovid, R. K. (2021). Exploring trust and responsiveness as antecedents for intention to use FinTech services. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 21(2), 254. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2021.113152
- Singh, U., & Weimar, D. (2017). Empowerment among generations. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 31(4), 307–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002217719864
- Sinnithithavorn, T. (2010). Generation Y. Available online: http://sites.google.com/site/490880tippawansinnititaworn/examination/generation-y (accessed on 29 May 2024).
- Smola, K. and Sutton, C. D. (2002). Generational Differences: Revisiting Generational Work Values for the New Millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.147
- Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.5465/256865
- Spreitzer, G., De Janasz, S. & Quinn, R. (1999). Empowered to lead: the role of psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(4), 511–526.
- Spreitzer, G., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S., & Grant, A. M. (2005). A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science, 16(5), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0153
- Stewart, A. J., & Healy, J. M., Jr. (1989). Linking individual development and social changes. American Psychologist, 44, 30–42.
- Strauss, W. & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, 1st ed. Quill.
- Sulphey, M. M., Al-Kahtani, N. S., Senan, N. A. M., & Adow, A. H. E. (2023). An examination of a few antecedents of green creativity using structural equation modeling. Creativity Studies, 16(2), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.17350
- Thamma, N. (2009). GEN B, GEN X, GEN Y: The Power of Generation. Guru Marketing–Thailand. Available online: http://guru-marketing-thailand.blogspot.com/2009/05/gen-b-gen-x-gen-y-power-of-generation.html (accessed on 29 May 2024).
- Tladinyane, R. T. (2012). Psychological career resources, work engagement and organisational commitment: A psychological profile for staff retention [PhD thesis]. University of South Africa.
- Toth-Bordasne, I. and Bencsik, A. (2011). Human Resource Management. Universitas-Győr Nonprofit Kft, Győr.
- Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, S. M. (2008). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 862–877. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810904367
- Twenge, J. M. (2000). The age of anxiety? The birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952–1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 1007–1021. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1007
- Van Schalkwyk, S., Du Toit, D. H., Bothma, A. S., et al. (2010). Job insecurity, leadership empowerment behaviour, employee engagement and intention to leave in a petrochemical laboratory. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v8i1.234
- Verasamy, P., Abdul Majid, A. H., & Jamaluddin, N. A. (2020). Generational diversity, personal attributes and organizational commitment among employees of corporate consultancies. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 22(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.22.1.65-72
- Watson, E. (2007). Who or What Creates? A Conceptual Framework for Social Creativity. Human Resource Development Review, 6(4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484307308255
- Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293. https://doi.org/10.2307/258761
- Yan, Y. (1997). The Triumph of Conjugality: Structural Transformation of Family Relations in a Chinese Village. Ethnology, 36(3), 191. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773985
- Yang, H., & Zhou, D. (2022). Perceived organizational support and creativity of science-technology talents in the digital age: The effects of affective commitment, innovative self-efficacy and digital thinking. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 2421–2437. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s378141
- Zemke, R., Raines, C. and Filipczak, B. (2000). Generations at work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers and Nexters in Your Workplace. AMACOM Books.
- Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118
- Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069410
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i8.4247
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 M. M. Sulphey
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.