Businesses are essential in nations’ economic development, green practice, and environmental performance, particularly in emerging countries. Such economic development needs environmental-friendly business practices to attain higher environmental performance goals of businesses. Nevertheless, a plethora of studies centered on the direct effects of environmental management initiatives (EMI) and green innovation practices (GIP) on environmental performance (EP). Still, the direct and indirect impacts of green human resource practices (GHRPs), green transformational leadership (GTL), and other constructs were ignored. This study analyzes the direct and indirect relationships of GHRPs, EMI, and GIP toward improving EP. In addition, the study examines the moderation role of GTL between GHRPs and EP under the theoretical framework of ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO) theory. Empirically, this present study utilized a survey method to assemble data from 535 business entities in South Africa. The analysis showed that GHRPs directly and significantly influenced EMI, GIP, and EP. EMI and GIP also directly and significantly influenced EP. Finally, GTL significantly affects the interplay between GHRPs and EP. This study’s results provide a managerial and theoretical contribution to how GHRPs, EMI, GIP, and GTL facilitate a corporate EP. The present paper enriches the theory of AMO by incorporating new variables such as GHRPs, GTL, EMI, and GIP, towards enhancing EP. Also, this study provides fresh insight into the impact of the mediation role of EMI between GHRPs and EP, mediation role of GIP between GHRPs and EP, thereby contributing to extant literature. The study emphasizes the need for businesses and managers to apply green human resource policies to make employees more committed to environmental sustainability, promoting EP in the long term.

green process innovation; AMO theory; environmental management initiative; green innovation practices; environmental performance

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