Abstract Tax revenue is an important public asset that contributes significantly to a nation’s economic development. The primary function of every government is to make provision in terms of infrastructure facilities, development, and better living conditions for its people. Due to the government’s limited resources, it is necessary to impose taxes on all residents and businesses to strengthen its financial situation because it is impossible for it to carry out this large task in an effective manner. Governments have always passed numerous tax laws, and they have been amended to withstand the test of time. Therefore, this study’s goal is to determine whether taxes have an impact on economic development in the Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana. The study used the quantitative approach, survey technique, and questionnaire for the data collection process. A sample size of 115 respondents comprising the staff of the domestic tax revenue division’s workforce and owners of registered SMEs were engaged in the study. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. The results indicated that the majority of the staff of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) considered payment of tax as beneficial to the state, while few of the staff did not consider payment of tax as beneficial to the state. In addition, the study outcomes show that respondents are aware of the extent to which tax revenue can be used by the government for economic development. Furthermore, the researchers recommended that the head of GRA create a strong regulatory framework to monitor how tax money is used for economic growth. They should also make an effort to ensure that the tax revenue generated will be wisely used for the growth of the metropolis. This will make taxpayers appreciate the need to pay their taxes because they know they will benefit from it in the end in the form of social and economic developments.

Abstract This paper analyses selected sub-indices listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) covering seven sectors: construction, IT, media, real estate, fuel, food, and telecommunications, from 3 January 2006 to 29 May 2020. We use daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly data, resulting in 3600 daily, 751 weekly, 172 monthly, and 56 quarterly observations. The WIG index quotations were used to approximate the market portfolio and the Poland 10Y government bond yields for the risk-free rate. We have estimated the parameter β in CAPM regression using three different stochastic assumptions for the error term. The basic stochastic framework of the model utilises the generalised asymmetric student- t distribution (GAST). We have also estimated the parameter β based on the symmetric version of the GAST distribution and on the Gaussian one. These models can be treated as special cases of the basic framework. The estimates of the β parameter are influenced by the assumptions made about the error term. The data indicates that except for WIG-Paliwa, the Gaussian error term leads to larger β estimates than other non-Gaussian specifications. The inference about the shape parameters is not very certain, and the data does not strongly support the two-piece mechanism that enforces the asymmetry of the error term distribution. Furthermore, the estimates of the β parameter depend strongly on the frequency of the analysed series.

Abstract The relationship between exchange rate (EXR) and foreign trade (FT) in Nigeria has been a contentious issue since Nigeria’s independence in 1960. This study investigated the link between exchange rate and foreign trade through the prism of exchange rate pass-through (EXRPT) to domestic prices, utilizing monthly data from 2011 to 2022. The study was built on two models—the base and main models, respectively. Employing the VAR technique and its Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) extension, the paper found that EXRPT to consumer prices is incomplete in the short run, but its effect was found to be higher on imports than on consumer prices. It follows that the impact of EXRPT diminishes along the price chain. Results from the main model indicate that the impact of domestic prices on balance of trade was found to be negative with an elasticity of −0.437541 and is also statistically significant, thus confirming the Marshal-Lenner condition. The Marshal-Lenner condition and findings of this study provide evidence that depreciating exchange rate is not recommended for an import-inelastic country like Nigeria.

Abstract This paper examines the nexus between the shadow economy and financial development in Uganda, making use of yearly time series data over the period 1991 to 2017, and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is applied. Findings are quite telling. We find that financial development reduces the shadow economy in a significant manner, in both the long- and short-run. This finding is robust to the use of alternative measures of financial development. Our results have far-reaching implications. Firstly, findings indicate that financial structure plays a key role in mitigating the increase of the shadow economy given that the financial sector can provide access to credit that eases financial constraints faced by entrepreneurs. Thus, a well-functioning financial sector could facilitate access to credit by entrepreneurs, which reduces their motivation to operate underground. These findings seem to suggest that reforming financial institutions to facilitate improved access to domestic credit could help tackle widespread informality in developing economies. Additionally, minimizing informality also requires reforming the political system, institutional framework, and macroeconomic environment to become responsive to the needs of businesses.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the price efficiency of the Tehran Stock Market. For this aim, we used daily stock prices of 30 large companies on the Stock Exchange. In the first stage, a unit root test with the endogenous break and without a structural break was performed using augmented dickey-fuller test (ADF) tests and Phillips-perron (PP) tests. The results indicate that the price of 9 companies has a random walk process with intercept and 21 companies follow a random walk without intercept and trend component process which is known as the pure random walk process. Thus, considering the ADF and PP tests, most companies’ stock prices are efficient. Quantile autoregression results in the second stage show that the stock prices in the middle price deciles have weak efficiency, but in the lower and upper price deciles, the stock price does not follow the weak efficiency conditions. So, if the stock price deviates (up or down) from the long-term mean, the market becomes inefficient, but when the stock price is at the median level, the market is efficient. The general conclusion is that median prices are the long-term average prices that change over time, and stock prices tend to move toward that price.