Fullerene in water remediation nanocomposite membranes—Cutting edge advancements

Ayesha Kausar

Article ID: 4945
Vol 7, Issue 2, 2024

VIEWS - 1033 (Abstract)

Abstract


Among carbon nanoparticles, fullerene has been observed as a unique zero-dimensional hollow molecule. Fullerene has a high surface area and exceptional structural and physical features (optical, electronic, heat, mechanical, and others). Advancements in fullerene have been observed in the form of nanocomposites. Application of fullerene nanocomposites has been found in the membrane sector. This cutting-edge review article basically describes the potential of fullerene nanocomposite membranes for water remediation. Adding fullerene nanoparticles has been found to amend the microstructure and physical features of the nanocomposite membranes in addition to membrane porosity, selectivity, permeation, water flux, desalination, and other significant properties for water remediation. Variations in the designs of fullerene nanocomposites have resulted in greater separations between salts, desired metals, toxic metal ions, microorganisms, etc. Future investigations on ground-breaking fullerene-based membrane materials may overcome several design and performance challenges for advanced applications.


Keywords


fullerene; nanocomposite; membranes; water remediation; permeation

Full Text:

PDF


References


Kausar A, Ahmad I. Graphene and nanocomposites—Imprints on environmentally sustainable production and applications based on ecological aspects. Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials. 2024; 7(1): 4226. doi: 10.24294/can.v7i1.4226 Shah MP. Sustainable Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Pollution Control. Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-2560-5 Bardhan A, Subbiah S, Mohanty K, et al. Feasibility of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly (Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride) Polymeric Network Hydrogel as Draw Solute for Forward Osmosis Process. Membranes. 2022; 12(11): 1097. doi: 10.3390/membranes12111097 Hallinan DT, Minelli M, Oparaji O, et al. Effect of Polystyrene Synthesis Method on Water Sorption and Glass Transition. Membranes. 2022; 12(11): 1059. doi: 10.3390/membranes12111059 Lu X, Elimelech M. Fabrication of desalination membranes by interfacial polymerization: history, current efforts, and future directions. Chemical Society Reviews. 2021; 50(11): 6290-6307. doi: 10.1039/d0cs00502a Lalia BS, Kochkodan V, Hashaikeh R, et al. A review on membrane fabrication: Structure, properties and performance relationship. Desalination. 2013; 326: 77-95. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.016 Dong X, Lu D, Harris TAL, et al. Polymers and Solvents Used in Membrane Fabrication: A Review Focusing on Sustainable Membrane Development. Membranes. 2021; 11(5): 309. doi: 10.3390/membranes11050309 Ng ZC, Lau WJ, Matsuura T, et al. Thin film nanocomposite RO membranes: Review on fabrication techniques and impacts of nanofiller characteristics on membrane properties. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2021; 165: 81-105. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.10.003 Zhang Y, Wang H, Wang W, et al. Engineering covalent organic framework membranes for efficient ionic/molecular separations. Matter. 2024; 7(4): 1406-1439. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2024.01.028 Yang Y, Chai W, Zhang L, et al. A mini‐review of polymeric porous membranes with vertically penetrative pores. Journal of Polymer Science. 2023; 62(3): 492-507. doi: 10.1002/pol.20230501 Subaer S, Fansuri H, Haris A, et al. Pervaporation Membranes for Seawater Desalination Based on Geo–rGO–TiO2 Nanocomposites: Part 2—Membranes Performances. Membranes. 2022; 12(11): 1046. doi: 10.3390/membranes12111046 Kausar A, Bocchetta P. Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposite Membranes: Status and Emerging Prospects. Journal of Composites Science. 2022; 6(3): 76. doi: 10.3390/jcs6030076 Tufail S, Sherwani MA, Shamim Z, et al. 2D nanostructures: Potential in diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2024; 170: 116070. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116070 Teow YH, Ooi BS, Ahmad AL, et al. Investigation of Anti-fouling and UV-Cleaning Properties of PVDF/TiO2 Mixed-Matrix Membrane for Humic Acid Removal. Membranes. 2020; 11(1): 16. doi: 10.3390/membranes11010016 Jatoi AS, Ahmed J, Bhutto AA, et al. Recent advances and future perspectives of carbon-based nanomaterials for environmental remediation. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s43153-024-00439-x Silah H, Unal DN, Selcuk O, Uslu B. Applications of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials in water treatment. In: Joseph K, Wilson R, George G, Appukuttan S (editors). Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. Elsevier; 2024. pp. 577-609. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-99535-1.00018-4 Jatoi AS, Hashmi Z, Usman T, et al. Role of carbon nanomaterials for wastewater treatment—A brief review. In: Dehghani MH, Karri RR, Mubarak NM (editors). Water Treatment Using Engineered Carbon Nanotubes. Elsevier; 2024. pp. 29-62. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-18524-3.00016-7 Aydin D, Gübbük İH, Ersöz M. Recent advances and applications of nanostructured membranes in water purification. Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 2024; 48(1): 1-20. doi: 10.55730/1300-0527.3635 Balakumar S, Mahesh N, Kamaraj M, et al. Customized carbon composite nanomaterials for the mitigation of emerging contaminants: a review of recent trends. Carbon Letters. 2024; 34: 1091-1114. doi: 10.1007/s42823-024-00715-3 Jehoulet C, Obeng YS, Kim YT, et al. Electrochemistry and Langmuir trough studies of fullerene C60 and C70 films. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1992; 114(11): 4237-4247. doi: 10.1021/ja00037a030 Chen Z, Zhu J, Yang D, et al. Isomerization strategy on a non-fullerene guest acceptor for stable organic solar cells with over 19% efficiency. Energy & Environmental Science. 2023; 16(7): 3119-3127. doi: 10.1039/d3ee01164j Radford CL, Mudiyanselage PD, Stevens AL, et al. Heteroatoms as Rotational Blocking Groups for Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Indoor Organic Solar Cells. ACS Energy Letters. 2022; 7(5): 1635-1641. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00515 Montellano López A, Mateo-Alonso A, Prato M. Materials chemistry of fullerene C60derivatives. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2011; 21(5): 1305-1318. doi: 10.1039/c0jm02386h Blanter MS, Borisova PA, Brazhkin VV, et al. The influence of metals on the phase transformations of fullerenes at high pressure and high temperatures. Materials Letters. 2022; 318: 132199. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132199 Akasaka T, Wakahara T, Nagase S, et al. Structural Determination of the La@C82 Isomer. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2001; 105(15): 2971-2974. doi: 10.1021/jp003930d Gupta RK. NanoCarbon: A Wonder Material for Energy Applications. Springer Nature Singapore; 2024. doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-9935-4 Ghosh T, Banerji P, Das NC. Synthesis methods for the preparation of fullerenes. In: Joseph K, Wilson R, George G, Appukuttan S (editors). Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. Elsevier; 2024. pp. 135-151. Dmitruk NL. Effect of chemical modification of thin C60 fullerene films on the fundamental absorption edge. Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics. 2010; 13(2): 180-185. doi: 10.15407/spqeo13.02.180 Wang W, Hanindita F, Hamamoto Y, et al. Fully conjugated azacorannulene dimer as large diaza[80]fullerene fragment. Nature Communications. 2022; 13(1): 1498. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29106-w Pesado-Gómez C, Serrano-García JS, Amaya-Flórez A, et al. Fullerenes: Historical background, novel biological activities versus possible health risks. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2024; 501: 215550. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215550 Baskar AV, Benzigar MR, Talapaneni SN, et al. Self‐Assembled Fullerene Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications. Advanced Functional Materials. 2021; 32(6). doi: 10.1002/adfm.202106924 Heredia DA, Durantini AM, Durantini JE, et al. Fullerene C60 derivatives as antimicrobial photodynamic agents. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews. 2022; 51: 100471. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100471 Chae SR, Therezien M, Budarz JF, et al. Comparison of the photosensitivity and bacterial toxicity of spherical and tubular fullerenes of variable aggregate size. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2011; 13(10): 5121-5127. doi: 10.1007/s11051-011-0492-y Modi A, Koratkar N, Lass E, et al. Miniaturized gas ionization sensors using carbon nanotubes. Nature. 2003; 424(6945): 171-174. doi: 10.1038/nature01777 Gallo M, Favila A, Glossman-Mitnik D. DFT studies of functionalized carbon nanotubes and fullerenes as nanovectors for drug delivery of antitubercular compounds. Chemical Physics Letters. 2007; 447(1-3): 105-109. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.08.098 Djordjevic A, Srdjenovic B, Seke M, et al. Review of Synthesis and Antioxidant Potential of Fullerenol Nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2015; 2015: 1-15. doi: 10.1155/2015/567073 Molinari R, Palmisano L, Drioli E, et al. Studies on various reactor configurations for coupling photocatalysis and membrane processes in water purification. Journal of Membrane Science. 2002; 206(1-2): 399–415 doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00785-2 Zhu Q, Cai Z, Zhou P, et al. Recent progress of membrane technology for chiral separation: A comprehensive review. Separation and Purification Technology. 2023; 309: 123077. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123077 Choi JY, Ho-Bum P. Separation Membrane Including Graphene. US 9,713,794, 25 July 2017. Adeola AO, Nomngongo PN. Advanced Polymeric Nanocomposites for Water Treatment Applications: A Holistic Perspective. Polymers. 2022; 14(12): 2462. doi: 10.3390/polym14122462 Valladares Linares R, Li Z, Sarp S, et al. Forward osmosis niches in seawater desalination and wastewater reuse. Water Research. 2014; 66: 122-139. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.021 Zhang X, Huang Q, Deng F, et al. Mussel-inspired fabrication of functional materials and their environmental applications: Progress and prospects. Applied Materials Today. 2017; 7: 222-238. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2017.04.001 Sri Abirami Saraswathi MS, Nagendran A, Rana D. Tailored polymer nanocomposite membranes based on carbon, metal oxide and silicon nanomaterials: a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019; 7(15): 8723-8745. doi: 10.1039/c8ta11460a Dashti A, Harami HR, Rezakazemi M. Accurate prediction of solubility of gases within H 2 -selective nanocomposite membranes using committee machine intelligent system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2018; 43(13): 6614-6624. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.046 Pishnamazi M, Nakhjiri AT, Ghadiri M, et al. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of NO2 molecular sequestration from a gaseous stream using NaOH liquid absorbent through porous membrane contactors. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020; 313: 113584. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113584 Kausar A. Efficiency of polymer/nanocarbon-based nanocomposite membranes in water treatment techniques. Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society. 2018; 6(4): 508-526. doi: 10.1080/22243682.2018.1515659 Mashhadikhan S, Ahmadi R, Ebadi Amooghin A, et al. Breaking temperature barrier: Highly thermally heat resistant polymeric membranes for sustainable water and wastewater treatment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2024; 189: 113902. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113902 Jhaveri JH, Murthy ZVP. Nanocomposite membranes. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2015; 57(55): 26803-26819. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1120687 Sacco LN, Vollebregt S. Overview of Engineering Carbon Nanomaterials Such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs), Graphene and Nanodiamonds and Other Carbon Allotropes inside Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) Templates. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(2): 260. doi: 10.3390/nano13020260 Sreeramareddygari M, Sureshkumar K, Thippeswamy R, et al. Various properties of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials–reinforced polymeric matrices. In: Joseph K, Wilson R, George G, Appukuttan S (editors). Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. Elsevier; 2024. pp. 357-384. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-99535-1.00012-3 Elrasheedy A, Nady N, Bassyouni M, et al. Metal Organic Framework Based Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes: Review on Applications in Water Purification. Membranes. 2019; 9(7): 88. doi: 10.3390/membranes9070088 Ammar A, Al-Enizi AM, AlMaadeed MA, et al. Influence of graphene oxide on mechanical, morphological, barrier, and electrical properties of polymer membranes. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 9(2): 274-286. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.07.006 Ganesh BM, Isloor AM, Ismail AF. Enhanced hydrophilicity and salt rejection study of graphene oxide-polysulfone mixed matrix membrane. Desalination. 2013; 313: 199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.037 Abdolmaleki A, Mohamadi Z, Fashandi H, et al. Synergistic contribution of sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) and iminodiacetic acid functionalized-graphene oxide nanosheets towards enhancing cationic dye wastewater purification using nanocomposite membranes. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2024; 481: 148622. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148622 Arahman N. Fabrication of Polyethersulfone membranes using nanocarbon as additive. International Journal of GEOMATE. 2018; 15(50). doi: 10.21660/2018.50.95424 Brunet L, Lyon DY, Hotze EM, et al. Comparative Photoactivity and Antibacterial Properties of C60 Fullerenes and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43(12): 4355-4360. doi: 10.1021/es803093t Zhang BT, Zheng X, Li HF, et al. Application of carbon-based nanomaterials in sample preparation: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2013; 784: 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.054 Burakov AE, Galunin EV, Burakova IV, et al. Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional and nanostructured materials for wastewater treatment purposes: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 148: 702-712. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.034 Samonin VV, Nikonova VYu, Podvyaznikov ML. Carbon adsorbents on the basis of the hydrolytic lignin modified with fullerenes in producing. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2014; 87(2): 190-193. doi: 10.1134/s1070427214020116 Yashas SR, Shahmoradi B, Wantala K, et al. Potentiality of polymer nanocomposites for sustainable environmental applications: A review of recent advances. Polymer. 2021; 233: 124184. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124184 Ma J, Guo Q, Gao HL, et al. Synthesis of C60/Graphene Composite as Electrode in Supercapacitors. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures. 2014; 23(6): 477-482. doi: 10.1080/1536383x.2013.865604 Perera MGN, Galagedara YR, Ren Y, et al. Fabrication of fullerenol-incorporated thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes for improved desalination performances. Journal of Polymer Research. 2018; 25(9). doi: 10.1007/s10965-018-1593-4 Shen Q, Xu S, Xu Z, et al. Novel thin‐film nanocomposite membrane with water‐soluble polyhydroxylated fullerene for the separation of Mg2+/Li+ aqueous solution. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2019; 136(41). doi: 10.1002/app.48029 Vojdani M., and Giti R. Polyamide as a denture base material: A literature review. Journal of Dentistry, 2015; 16(1 Suppl): 1-9 Shrivastava A, Chakraborty M, Singh AK. Biocomposites with polyamide fibers (nylons and aramids). In: Karak N (editors). Advances in Biocomposites and their Applications. Elsevier; 2024. pp. 121-147. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-19074-2.00004-6 Tan X fei, Liu Y guo, Gu Y ling, et al. Biochar-based nano-composites for the decontamination of wastewater: A review. Bioresource Technology. 2016; 212: 318-333. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.093 Fang Y, Zhu C, Yang H, et al. Polyamide nanofiltration membranes by vacuum-assisted interfacial polymerization: Broad universality of Substrate, wide window of monomer concentration and high reproducibility of performance. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2024; 655: 327-334. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.002 Plisko TV, Liubimova AS, Bildyukevich AV, et al. Fabrication and characterization of polyamide-fullerenol thin film nanocomposite hollow fiber membranes with enhanced antifouling performance. Journal of Membrane Science. 2018; 551: 20-36. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.015 Dmitrenko ME, Penkova AV, Kuzminova AI, et al. Development and investigation of novel polyphenylene isophthalamide pervaporation membranes modified with various fullerene derivatives. Separation and Purification Technology. 2019; 226: 241-251. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.092 Taheri M. Advances in Nanohybrid Membranes for Dye Reduction: A Comprehensive Review. Global Challenges. 2023; 8(1). doi: 10.1002/gch2.202300052 Inamuddin, Khan A. Sustainable Materials and Systems for Water Desalination. Springer International Publishing; 2021. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-72873-1 Jani M, Arcos-Pareja JA, Ni M. Engineered Zero-Dimensional Fullerene/Carbon Dots-Polymer Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Wastewater Treatment. Molecules. 2020; 25(21): 4934. doi: 10.3390/molecules25214934 Liu Y, Phillips B, Li W, et al. Fullerene-Tailored Graphene Oxide Interlayer Spacing for Energy-Efficient Water Desalination. ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2018; 1(11): 6168-6175. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.8b01375 Yang H, Dong G, Qin L, et al. Polyamide nanofiltration membranes mediated by mesoporous silica nanosheet interlayers display substantial desalination performance enhancement. Journal of Membrane Science. 2024; 693: 122387. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.122387 Alekseeva OV, Bagrovskaya NA, Noskov AV. Sorption of heavy metal ions by fullerene and polystyrene/fullerene film compositions. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 2016; 52(3): 443-447. doi: 10.1134/s2070205116030035 Jin X, Hu JY, Tint ML, et al. Estrogenic compounds removal by fullerene-containing membranes. Desalination. 2007; 214(1-3): 83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.10.019 Sudareva NN, Penkova AV, Kostereva TA, et al. Properties of casting solutions and ultrafiltration membranes based on fullerene-polyamide nanocomposites. Express Polymer Letters. 2012; 6(3): 178-188. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.20 Penkova AV, Polotskaya GA, Toikka AM, et al. Structure and Pervaporation Properties of Poly(phenylene‐iso‐phthalamide) Membranes Modified by Fullerene C60. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 2009; 294(6-7): 432-440. doi: 10.1002/mame.200800362 Serbanescu OS, Voicu SI, Thakur VK. Polysulfone functionalized membranes: Properties and challenges. Materials Today Chemistry. 2020; 17: 100302. doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100302 Esfahani MR, Aktij SA, Dabaghian Z, et al. Nanocomposite membranes for water separation and purification: Fabrication, modification, and applications. Separation and Purification Technology. 2019; 213: 465-499. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.050 Penkova AV, Dmitrenko ME, Sokolova MP, et al. Impact of fullerene loading on the structure and transport properties of polysulfone mixed-matrix membranes. Journal of Materials Science. 2016; 51(16): 7652-7659. doi: 10.1007/s10853-016-0047-9 John N. Fullerene and nanodiamond-based polymer nanocomposite membranes and their pervaporation performances. Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for Pervaporation. Published online 2020: 153-173. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816785-4.00007-0 Aryafard E, Rahmatmand B, Rahimpour MR. Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in pervaporation processes. Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes. Published online 2022: 247-268. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822294-2.00012-6 Karimi MB, Mohammadi F, Hooshyari K. Recent approaches to improve Nafion performance for fuel cell applications: A review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2019; 44(54): 28919-28938. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.096 Peron J, Mani A, Zhao X, et al. Properties of Nafion® NR-211 membranes for PEMFCs. Journal of Membrane Science. 2010; 356(1-2): 44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.03.025 Maiti TK, Singh J, Majhi J, et al. Advances in polybenzimidazole based membranes for fuel cell applications that overcome Nafion membranes constraints. Polymer. 2022; 255: 125151. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125151 Wan YH, Sun J, Jian QP, et al. A Nafion/polybenzimidazole composite membrane with consecutive proton-conducting pathways for aqueous redox flow batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2022; 10(24): 13021-13030. doi: 10.1039/d2ta01746f Li Y, He G, Wang S, et al. Recent advances in the fabrication of advanced composite membranes. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2013; 1(35): 10058. doi: 10.1039/c3ta01652h Tasaki K, Gasa J, Wang H, et al. Fabrication and characterization of fullerene–Nafion composite membranes. Polymer. 2007; 48(15): 4438-4448. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.05.049 Lyon DY, Adams LK, Falkner JC, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Fullerene Water Suspensions: Effects of Preparation Method and Particle Size. Environmental Science & Technology. 2006; 40(14): 4360-4366. doi: 10.1021/es0603655 Alshammari AH, Alshammari M, Ibrahim M, et al. Processing polymer film nanocomposites of polyvinyl chloride – Polyvinylpyrrolidone and MoO3 for optoelectronic applications. Optics & Laser Technology. 2024; 168: 109833. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109833 Hu X, Zhang Z, Gholizadeh M, et al. Coke Formation during Thermal Treatment of Bio-oil. Energy & Fuels. 2020; 34(7): 7863-7914. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c01323 Zheng T, Fan L, Zhou H, et al. Engineering of Electron Extraction and Defect Passivation via Anion-Doped Conductive Fullerene Derivatives as Interlayers for Efficient Invert Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2020; 12(22): 24747-24755. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04315 Djordjević A, Bogdanović GM, Dobrić S. Fullerenes in biomedicine. Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology. 2006; 11(4): 391-404 Kundu D, Dutta D, Joseph A, et al. Safeguarding drinking water: A brief insight on characteristics, treatments and risk assessment of contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2024; 196(2). doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12311-z Amooghin AE, Sanaeepur H, Pedram MZ, et al. New advances in polymeric membranes for CO2 separation. Polymer Science: Research Advances, Practical Applications and Educational Aspects. Formatex Research Center; 2016. pp. 354-368 Vladisavljević GT. Preparation of microparticles and nanoparticles using membrane-assisted dispersion, micromixing, and evaporation processes. Particuology. 2024; 84: 30-44. doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2023.03.003



DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/can.v7i2.4945

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Ayesha Kausar

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.