Concept and role of immunomodulatory medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic health care system
Vol 8, Issue 2, 2024
VIEWS - 99 (Abstract) 38 (PDF)
Abstract
The statement “prevention is better than cure” and its applications is not a new for Ayurvedic health care system. The statement defines the aim and objectives of Ayurvedic health care system in a nutshell “swasthasya swasthya rakshanam aaturasya vikara prashamanam”. The immune system is certainly considered one of our most discreet biological systems withinside the body. Immunizations may be obtained by us actively or passively. Active immunization includes stimulating with an antigen to generate immunological defenses against a destiny exposure, rather than passive vaccination, which includes administering antibodies to someone who has already been exposed to an antigen. Both plant and animal sources produce immunomodulatory effects to boost the body’s immunological reactivity against infections by engaging the non-specific immune system. Herbal immunomodulators are substances that either activate or suppress innate and adaptive immune responses in the body. Different ailments including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and other infectious disorders are caused by immune system failure. Therefore, regulating the many infectious illnesses requires significant immune response modification. Global scientific study is currently focused on how various medicinal plant components might alter the immune system. Numerous Indian and “Rasayana” and medicinal plants may have immunomodulatory characteristics. Some of these plants are Tinospora cordifolia, Morus alba, Acacia catechu, Allium sativum, and Mangifera indica. There are many more that are still undiscovered and offer space for greater study.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Baghel D, Chopra S, Bhatia A, Tamilvanan S. Amalgamation of Ayurvedic Concept with Modern Medical Practice to Manage Kidney Stone Disease (Urolithiasis): An Abbreviated Review. Indian Drugs. 2018; 55(11): 7-18.
2. Wolska K, Gorska A, Antosik K, Lugowska K. Immunomodulatory effects of propolis and its components on basic immune cell functions. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019; 81(4): 575-588.
3. Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2003; 57(7): 296-300.
4. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Pushpangadan P. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of ‘Rasayana’herbs of Ayurveda. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2005; 99(2): 165-78.
5. Kumar D, Arya V, Kaur R, et al. A review of immunomodulators in the Indian traditional health care system. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2012; 45(3): 165-84.
6. Bhat NG, Negalur VB, Yaji V, Thakor K. Critical analysis of dietetics in Ayurveda. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences. 2016; 1(01): 83-6.
7. Sen S, Chakraborty R. Toward the integration and advancement of herbal medicine: a focus on traditional Indian medicine. Botanics: Targets and Therapy. 2015; 5: 33-44.
8. Balasubramani SP, Venkatasubramanian P, Kukkupuni SK, Patwardhan B. Plant-based Rasayana drugs from Ayurveda. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2011; 17(2): 88-94.
9. Singh RH, Narsimhamurthy K, Singh G. Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy in brain aging. Biogerontology. 2008; 9(6): 369-74.
10. Conceição-Silva F, Reis CS, De Luca PM, et al. The immune system throws its traps: cells and their extracellular traps in disease and protection. Cells. 2021; 10(8): 1891.
11. Grant M, Lamb C. Systemic immunity. Current opinion in plant biology. 2006; 9(4): 414-420.
12. Trichet VV. Nutrition and immunity: an update. Aquaculture research. 2010; 41(3): 356-372.
13. Chandra RK, Kumari S. Nutrition and immunity: an overview. The Journal of nutrition. 1994; 124(suppl_8): 1433S-5S.
14. Medzhitov R, Janeway Jr C. Innate immunity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 343(5): 338-344.
15. Gautam M, Saha S, Bani S, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of Asparagus racemosus on systemic Th1/Th2 immunity: implications for immunoadjuvant potential. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009; 121(2): 241-247.
16. Lazzaro BP, Little TJ. Immunity in a variable world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009; 364(1513): 15-26.
17. Bonilla FA, Oettgen HC. Adaptive immunity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2010; 125(2): S33-S40.
18. Banstola A, Jeong J-H, Yook S. Immunoadjuvants for cancer immunotherapy: A review of recent developments. Acta biomaterialia. 2020; 114: 16-30.
19. Abbasi S, Uchida S. Multifunctional immunoadjuvants for use in minimalist nucleic acid vaccines. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(5): 644.
20. Dukor P, Tarcsay L, Baschang G. Immunostimulants. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 1979; 14: 146-167.
21. Van Hai N. The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture. 2015; 446: 88-96.
22. Mohammadpour N, Elyasi S, Vahdati N, et al. A review on therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences. 2011; 14(6): 485.
23. Rahul Chulet PP. A review on rasayana. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2009; 3(6): 229-234.
24. Singh AK, Gupta AK, Singh P. Rasayana therapy: a magic contribution of Ayurveda for healthy long life. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP). 2014; 5(1): 41-47.
25. Im SA, Lee YR, Lee YH, et al. In vivo evidence of the immunomodulatory activity of orally administered Aloe vera gel. Archives of pharmacal research. 2010; 33(3): 451-456.
26. Lee JS, Synytsya A, Kim HB, et al. Purification, characterization and immunomodulating activity of a pectic polysaccharide isolated from Korean mulberry fruit Oddi (Morus alba L.). International immunopharmacology. 2013; 17(3): 858-866.
27. Chan EWC, Phui-Yan L, Siu-Kuin W. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical trials of Morus alba. Chinese journal of natural medicines. 2016; 14(1): 17-30.
28. Ng T. Pharmacological activity of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2006; 58(8): 1007-19.
29. Singh V, Agarwal S, Gupta B. Immunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract. Planta Medica. 1984; 50(06): 462-465.
30. Ali SI, Gopalakrishnan B, Venkatesalu V. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Achillea millefolium L.: a review. Phytotherapy Research. 2017; 31(8): 1140-1161.
31. Akbar S. Andrographis paniculata: a review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Alternative Medicine Review. 2011; 16(1): 66-77.
32. Goswami A, Malik M, Malik A, et al. Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh): A critical study on medicinal effects. Annals of Horticulture. 2020; 13(2): 115-123.
33. Balakrishnan R, Vijayraja D, Jo SH, et al. Medicinal profile, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Murraya koenigii and its primary bioactive compounds. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(2): 101.
34. Sumathi S, Anuradha R. Couroupita guianensis Aubl: An updated review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017; 3(1): 1-8.
35. Ahmad I, Irshad M, Rizvi MMA. Nutritional and medicinal potential of Lagenaria siceraria. International journal of vegetable science. 2011; 17(2): 157-170.
36. Bhandari J, Thapa P, Niraula P, et al. Study of Phytochemical, Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, Phytotoxic, and Immunomodulatory Activity Properties of Bauhinia variegata. Journal of Tropical Life Science. 2017; 7(1): 83-90.
37. Babu SS, Madhuri DB, Ali SL. A pharmacological review of Urena lobata plant. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016: 20-22.
38. Tiwari P, Mishra B, Sangwan NS. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important medicinal plant. BioMed research international. 2014; 2014.
39. Jamkhande PG, Barde SR, Patwekar SL, Tidke PS. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry): A review. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012.
40. Costa JFO, David JP, David JM, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of extracts from Cordia superba Cham. and Cordia rufescens A. DC.(Boraginaceae), plant species native from Brazilian Semi-arid. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2008; 18(1): 11-15.
41. Changxing L, Dongfang D, Lixue Z, et al. Heracleum persicum: Chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal. 2019; 75(2): 207-218.
42. Majidi Z, Lamardi SS. Phytochemistry and biological activities of Heracleum persicum: A review. Journal of integrative medicine. 2018; 16(4): 223-235.
43. Kumari S, Bhatt V, Suresh PS, Sharma U. Cissampelos pareira L.: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; 274: 113850.
44. Bafna A, Mishra S. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of the alkaloidal fraction of Cissampelos pareira linn. Scientia pharmaceutica. 2010; 78(1): 21-32.
45. Sohel MD. Pharmacologicals and phytochemicals potential of Abutilon indicum: A Comprehensive Review. American Journal of BioScience. 2015; 3(2-1): 5-11.
46. Thakur M, Bhargava S, Dixit V. Immunomodulatory activity of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F. Evidence-Based complementary and alternative medicine. 2007; 4(4): 419-423.
47. Khanam Z, Singh O, Singh R, Bhat IUH. Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013; 150(2): 421-441.
48. Guerra R, Pereira HA, Silveira L, Olea R. Immunomodulatory properties of Alternanthera tenella Colla aqueous extracts in mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2003; 36(9): 1215-1219.
49. Shah M, Panchal M. Ethnopharmacological properties of Cinnamomum tamala—a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2010; 5(3): 141-144.
50. Chaurasia JK, Mishra A, Tripathi YB. Immunomodulation property of hexane fraction of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Linn. in rats. Cell biochemistry and function. 2010; 28(6): 454-460.
51. Qian H, Wang L, Li Y, et al. The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Abrus precatorius L.: A comprehensive review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022; 296: 115463.
52. Tripathi S, Maiti TK. Immunomodulatory role of native and heat denatured agglutinin from Abrus precatorius. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2005; 37(2): 451-462.
53. Khandaker M, Akter S, Imam MZ. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.: a vegetable with diverse pharmacological properties. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2018; 7(1): 34-48.
54. Dibazar SP, Fateh S, Daneshmandi S. Immunomodulatory effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) constituents on macrophages: in vitro evaluations of aqueous and ethanolic components. Journal of immunotoxicology. 2015; 12(2): 124-131.
55. El-Saber Batiha G, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, et al. Syzygium aromaticum L.(Myrtaceae): Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(2): 202.
56. Allaq AA, Sidik NJ, Abdul-Aziz A, Ahmed IA. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.): A review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry. Biomedical Research and Therapy. 2020; 7(9): 4016-4021.
57. Al-Snafi AE. The pharmacological activities of Cuminum cyminum-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 2016; 6(6): 46-65.
58. Mukherjee D, Khatua TN, Venkatesh P, et al. Immunomodulatory potential of rhizome and seed extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2010; 128(2): 490-494.
59. Mehta N, Patel EP, Pragnesh BSVP, Shah B. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus): a review on ethanobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2013; 1(4): 152-167.
60. Sudha P, Asdaq S, Dhamingi SS, Chandrakala GK. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in animals. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010; 54(2): 133-140.
61. Paikra BK, Gidwani B. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of pharmacopuncture. 2017; 20(3): 194.
62. Gupta A, Khajuria A, Singh J, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of biopolymeric fraction RLJ-NE-205 from Picrorhiza kurroa. International Immunopharmacology. 2006; 6(10): 1543-1549.
63. Im SA, Kim K, Lee CK. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea. International Immunopharmacology. 2006; 6(9): 1451-1458.
64. Kuttan G, Kuttan R. Immunomodulatory activity of a peptide isolated from Viscum album extract (NSC 635 089). Immunological investigations. 1992; 21(4): 285-296.
65. Mishra K, Ganju L, Singh S. Anti-cellular and immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology. 2012; 34(3): 513-518.
66. Verma SK, Singh SK, Shivsharan S, Abhishek M. Evaluation of immunomodulatory and microbicidal potential of Thuja occidentalis. Environment Conservation Journal. 2010; 11(3): 85-88.
67. Yates CR, Bruno EJ, Yates ME. Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties. Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2022; 19(2): 271-285.
68. Shah PA, Shah GB. Uricosuric activity of Tinospora cordifolia. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 2015; 10(4): 884-890.
69. Reddy N, Reddy R. Tinospora cordifolia chemical constituents and medicinal properties: a review. Sch Acad J Pharm. 2015; 4(8): 364-369.
70. Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N, et al. Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2012; 141(3): 918-926.
71. Sharma P, Dwivedee BP, Bisht D, et al. The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia. Heliyon. 2019; 5(9): e02437.
72. Prajwal Chaguthi AM, Singh S, Baghel DS. An Overview on Therapeutic Potential of Azadirachta indica. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2018; 5(12): 5-17.
73. Islas JF, Acosta E, Zuca G, et al. An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. Journal of Functional Foods. 2020; 74: 104171.
74. Van der Nat J, Klerx J, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1987; 19(2): 125-131.
75. Akhila A, Rani K. Chemistry of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe/Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products. 1999: 47-149.
76. Singh N, Verma P, Pandey B, Bhalla M. Therapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum in prevention and treatment of cancer and exposure to radiation: An overview. International Journal of pharmaceutical sciences and drug research. 2012; 4(2): 97-104.
77. Mahajan N, Rawal S, Verma M, et al. A phytopharmacological overview on Ocimum species with special emphasis on Ocimum sanctum. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition. 2013; 3(2): 185-192.
78. Joshi RK, Setzer WN, Da Silva JK. Phytoconstituents, traditional medicinal uses and bioactivities of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.): A review. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products. 2017; 5(1): 18-21.
79. Bano N, Ahmed A, Tanveer M, et al. Pharmacological evaluation of Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability. 2017; 9(3): 387-392.
80. Vaghasiya J, Datani M, Nandkumar K, et al. Comparative evaluation of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum for immunomodulatory activity. Int J Pharm Biol Res. 2010; 1(1): 25e9.
81. Sharma S, Sharma M. A Pharmaceutical and Therapeutical Review of Sneha Kalpana. International Research Journal of Ayurveda and Yoga. 2021; 4(6): 78-85.
82. Pandey AK, Singh P, Tripathi NN. Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: an overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014; 4(9): 682-694.
83. Kalra R, Kaushik N. Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal: a review of chemical and pharmacological diversity. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2017; 16(5): 953-987.
84. Kumar V, Dey A, Hadimani MB, et al. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera: An update. CELLMED. 2015; 5(1): 1-13.
85. Davis L, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2000; 71(1-2): 193-200.
86. Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, et al. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1996; 50(2): 69-76.
87. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Alternative medicine review. 2000; 5(4): 334-346.
88. Patel SB, Rao NJ, Hingorani LL. Safety assessment of Withania somnifera extract standardized for Withaferin A: Acute and sub-acute toxicity study. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2016; 7(1): 30-37.
89. Pise MV, Rudra JA, Upadhyay A. Immunomodulatory potential of shatavarins produced from Asparagus racemosus tissue cultures. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine. 2015; 6(2): 415.
90. Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, et al. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review. Asian Pacific journal of tropical disease. 2013; 3(3): 242-251.
91. Sharma U, Kumar N, Singh B, et al. Immunomodulatory active steroidal saponins from Asparagus racemosus. Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2013; 22(2): 573-579.
92. Gautam M, Diwanay S, Gairola S, et al. Immunoadjuvant potential of Asparagus racemosus aqueous extract in experimental system. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2004; 91(2-3): 251-255.
93. Chawla A, Chawla P, Mangalesh RR, Roy R. Asparagus racemosus (Willd): biological activities & its active principles. Indo-Global J Pharm Sci. 2011; 2: 113-120.
94. Ram MS, Neetu D, Yogesh B, et al. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2002; 81(1): 5-10.
95. Almatroodi SA, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, et al. Amla (Emblica officinalis): Role in health management via controlling various biological activities. Gene Reports. 2020; 21: 100820.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v8.i2.4190
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.