psychological contract; digital platforms; fluid work; gig economy; organizational behavior

Alcover, C.-M., Rico, R., Turnley, W. H., Bolino, M. C. (2017). Understanding the changing nature of psychological contracts in 21st century organizations: A multiple-foci exchange relationships approach and proposed framework. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(1), 4–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616628333 Alfes, K., Avgoustaki, A., Beauregard, T. A., Cañibano, A., Muratbekova-Touron, M. (2022). New ways of working and the implications for employees: a systematic framework and suggestions for future research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(22), 4361–4385. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2149151 Antipina, O. N. (2020). Platforms as multi-sided markets of the digital age. World Economy and International Relations, 64(3), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-3-12-19 Anvari, R., Kumpikaitė-Valiūnienė, V., Mobarhan, R., Janjaria, M., Chermahini, S. H. (2023). Strategic human resource management practitioners’ emotional intelligence and affective organizational commitment in higher education institutions in Georgia during post-COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 18(12), e0295084. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295084 Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding organizational behavior. Dorsey Press. Auer, E. M., Behrend, T. S., Collmus, A. B., et al. (2021). Pay for performance, satisfaction and retention in longitudinal crowdsourced research. PLoS ONE, 16(1 January). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245460 Bahadır, F., Yeşiltaş, M., Sesen, H., Olaleye, B. R. (2024). The relation between perceived organizational support and employee satisfaction: the role of relational psychological contract and reciprocity ideology. Kybernetes, 53(1), 102–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-04-2022-0520 Ballas, L., Schuster, T., Pflaum, A. (2024). Unravelling psychological contracts in a digital age of work: a systematic literature review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(5), 614–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2024.2341821 Bankins, S., Ocampo, A. C., Marrone, M., Restubog, S. L. D., Woo, S. E. (2024). A multilevel review of artificial intelligence in organizations: Implications for organizational behavior research and practice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 45(2), 159–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2735 Behl, A., Sheorey, P., Jain, K., et al. (2021). Gamifying the gig: transitioning the dark side to bright side of online engagement. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 25, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v25i0.2979 Bi, Q. (2019). Cultivating loyal customers through online customer communities: A psychological contract perspective. Journal of Business Research, 103, 34–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.005 Braganza, A., Chen, W., Canhoto, A., Sap, S. (2022). Gigification, job engagement and satisfaction: the moderating role of AI enabled system automation in operations management. Production Planning & Control, 33(16), 1534–1547. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1882692 Caza, B. B., Reid, E. M., Ashford, S. J., Granger, S. (2022). Working on my own: Measuring the challenges of gig work. Human Relations, 75(11), 2122–2159. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211030098 Chang, W., Busser, J., Liu, A. (2020). Authentic leadership and career satisfaction: the meditating role of thriving and conditional effect of psychological contract fulfillment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2117–2136. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2019-0551 Chen, S., Wang, W. (2023). Internet Addiction and Academic Anxiety Among Chinese College Students During COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Psychological Contract. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16(null), 3949–3962. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S428599 Costa, S. (2021). New Psychological ContractsNew psychological contracts, Old Breaches? In M. Coetzee & A. Deas (Eds.), Redefining the Psychological Contract in the Digital Era: Issues for Research and Practice (pp. 111–127). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63864-1_7 Cropanzano, R., Keplinger, K., Lambert, B. K., et al. (2023). The organizational psychology of gig work: An integrative conceptual review. In Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 108, pp. 492–519). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001029 Culiberg, B., Abosag, I., Čater, B. (2023). Psychological contract breach and opportunism in the sharing economy: Examining the platform-provider relationship. Industrial Marketing Management, 111, 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.04.007 D’Art, D., Turner, T. (2006). New working arrangements: changing the nature of the employment relationship? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500521656 Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258 Felzmann, H., Fosch-Villaronga, E., Lutz, C., Tamò-Larrieux, A. (2020). Towards Transparency by Design for Artificial Intelligence. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(6), 3333–3361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00276-4 Gandini, A. (2019). Labour process theory and the gig economy. Human Relations, 72(6), 1039–1056. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718790002 Guest, D., Isaksson, K. (2023). Is there a future for research on job insecurity and the psychological contract in a changing world of work? In N. De Cuyper, E. Selenko, M. Euwema, & W. Schaufeli (Eds.), Job Insecurity, Precarious Employment and Burnout: Facts and Fables in Work Psychology (pp. 87–100). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035315888.00014 Harpur, P., Blanck, P. (2020). Gig Workers with Disabilities: Opportunities, Challenges, and Regulatory Response. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 30(4), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-020-09937-4 Heeks, R., Graham, M., Mungai, P., Van Belle, J.-P., Woodcock, J. (2021). Systematic evaluation of gig work against decent work standards: The development and application of the Fairwork framework. The Information Society, 37(5), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2021.1942356 Hein, A., Schreieck, M., Riasanow, T., Setzke, D. S., et al. (2020). Digital platform ecosystems. Electronic Markets, 30(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-019-00377-4 Hu, L., Chen, C., Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2023). Relationship Between Psychological Contract Violation and Physicians’ Destructive and Constructive Behaviors in Tertiary Public Hospitals: An Empirical Evidence in Beijing. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 16, 997–1010. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S397501 Kadolkar, I., Kepes, S., Subramony, M. (2024). Algorithmic management in the gig economy: A systematic review and research integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2831 Klein, H. J., Solinger, O. N., Duflot, V. (2020). Commitment System Theory: The Evolving Structure of Commitments to Multiple Targets. Academy of Management Review, 47(1), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2018.0031 Kozanoglu, C. D., Abedin, B. (2021). Understanding the role of employees in digital transformation: conceptualization of digital literacy of employees as a multi-dimensional organizational affordance. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34(6), 1649–1672. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-01-2020-0010 Lam, A., de Campos, A. (2014). ‘Content to be sad’ or ‘runaway apprentice’? The psychological contract and career agency of young scientists in the entrepreneurial university. Human Relations, 68(5), 811–841. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714545483 Levinson, H., Price, C. R., Munden, K. J., Mandl, H. J., & Solley, C. M. (1962). Men, Management and Mental Health. Cambridge Harvard University Press. Li, X., Tan, A. J. H., Wang, X., Yuen, K. F. (2023). Investigating gig workers’ commitment to crowdsourced logistics platforms: Fair employment and social exchange perspectives. Technology in Society, 74, 102311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102311 Liu, H., Hu, P., Shi, K., Zhang, Y. (2023). Does Psychological Contract Violation Change the Original Intention of Eco-Tourists to Participate in Scenic Value Co-Creation? In Sustainability (Vol. 15, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064750 Liu, W., He, C., Jiang, Y., Ji, R., Zhai, X. (2020). Effect of Gig Workers’ Psychological Contract Fulfillment on Their Task Performance in a Sharing Economy—A Perspective from the Mediation of Organizational Identification and the Moderation of Length of Service. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2208. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17072208 Liu, X., Lu, W., Liu, S., Qin, C. (2023). Hatred out of love or love can be all-inclusive? Moderating effects of employee status and organizational affective commitment on the relationship between turnover intention and CWB. In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 13). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993169 Löffert, R. M., Diehl, M.-R. (2023). A psychological contract perspective to managing the employment relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in the aviation industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(15), 3023–3050. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2215387 MacDonald, R., Giazitzoglu, A. (2019). Youth, enterprise and precarity: or, what is, and what is wrong with, the ‘gig economy’? Journal of Sociology, 55(4), 724–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783319837604 McParland, C., Connolly, R. (2020). Dataveillance in the Workplace: Managing the Impact of Innovation. Business Systems Research, 11(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2020-0008 Memon, K. R., & Ghani, B. (2020). The relationship between psychological contract and voice behavior—a social exchange perspective. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 9(2), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-020-00109-4 Menninger, K. (1958). Theory of psychoanalytic technique. Basic Books. Montes, S. D., Irving, P. G. (2008). Disentangling the Effects of Promised and Delivered Inducements: Relational and Transactional Contract Elements and the Mediating Role of Trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1367–1381. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012851 Mousa, M., Arslan, A., Abdelgaffar, H. (2023). Psychological contract of employees in family-owned hotels: the role of talent management practices. Journal of Family Business Management, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-03-2023-0029 Mousa, M., Chaouali, W. (2023). Job crafting, meaningfulness and affective commitment by gig workers towards crowdsourcing platforms. Personnel Review, 52(5), 1597–1611. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2021-0495/FULL/XML O’Donohue, W., Nelson, L. (2009). The role of ethical values in an expanded psychological contract. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0040-1 Pavlou, P. A., Gefen, D. (2005). Psychological contract violation in online marketplaces: Antecedents, consequences, and moderating role. Information Systems Research, 16(4), 372–399. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1050.0065 Pereira, V., Behl, A., Jayawardena, N., et al. (2022). The art of gamifying digital gig workers: a theoretical assessment of evaluating engagement and motivation. Production Planning & Control, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2022.2083524 Perkins, G., Gilmore, S., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Taylor, S. (2022). Analysing the impacts of Universal Basic Income in the changing world of work: Challenges to the psychological contract and a future research agenda. Human Resource Management Journal, 32(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12348 Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942 Schein, E. H. (1980). Organizational psychology. Prentice Hall. Schmidt, G. B., Philip, J., Van Dellen, S. A., Islam, S. (2023). Gig worker organizing: toward an adapted Attraction-Selection-Attrition framework. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 38(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2021-0531 Seifried, M., Kretschmer, T., Khashabi, P., Claussen, J. (2023). What drives project success in online labour markets? A bilateral perspective on freelancers and clients. Industry and Innovation, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2023.2243243 She, S., Xu, H., Wu, Z., Tian, Y., Tong, Z. (2020). Dimension, Content, and Role of Platform Psychological Contract: Based on Online Ride-Hailing Users. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02097 Sherman, U. P., Morley, M. J. (2020). What do we measure and how do we elicit it? The case for the use of repertory grid technique in multi-party psychological contract research. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(2), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1668844 Sivarajan, R., Varma, A. M., Reshmi. (2021). To Jugaad or Not? How Mumbai’s Gig Workers Thrive Against Psychological Contract Discrepancies. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 8(1), 103–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/2322093721995311 Stewart, P., Shanahan, G., Smith, M. (2020). Individualism and Collectivism at Work in an Era of Deindustrialization: Work Narratives of Food Delivery Couriers in the Platform Economy. Frontiers in Sociology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00049 Thomas, S. M., Baddipudi, V. (2022). Changing Nature of Work and Employment in the Gig Economy: The Role of Culture Building and Leadership in Sustaining Commitment and Job Satisfaction. NHRD Network Journal, 15(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/26314541211064735 Tomprou, M., Lee, M. K. (2022). Employment relationships in algorithmic management: A psychological contract perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 126, 106997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106997 van den Groenendaal, S. M. E., Freese, C., Poell, R. F., Kooij, D. T. A. M. (2023). Inclusive human resource management in freelancers’ employment relationships: The role of organizational needs and freelancers’ psychological contracts. Human Resource Management Journal, 33(1), 224–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12432 Van Der Schaft, A., Lub, X., Van Der Heijden, B., Solinger, O. N. (2020). The influence of social interaction on the dynamics of employees’ psychological contracting in digitally transforming organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(2), 164–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1656284 Watson, G. P., Kistler, L. D., Graham, B. A., Sinclair, R. R. (2021). Looking at the Gig Picture: Defining Gig Work and Explaining Profile Differences in Gig Workers’ Job Demands and Resources. Group & Organization Management, 46(2), 327–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601121996548 Wiener, M., Cram, W. A., Benlian, A. (2023). Algorithmic control and gig workers: a legitimacy perspective of Uber drivers. European Journal of Information Systems, 32(3), 485–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2021.1977729 Wilson, E. R., & Schieber, D. (2022). Sticking to it or Opting for Alternatives: Managing Contested Work Identities in Nonstandard Work. Qualitative Sociology, 45(2), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-021-09506-y Zhang, A., Boltz, A., Wang, C. W., Lee, M. K. (2022). Algorithmic Management Reimagined for Workers and By Workers: Centering Worker Well-Being in Gig Work. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501866