online learning; media in education; lecturers; students; COVID-19

Ayu, M. (2020). Online learning: Leading e-learning at higher education. The Journal of English Literacy Education: The Teaching and Learning of English as a Foreign Language, 7(1), 47-54. 10.36706/jele.v7i1.11515 Babu, G.S. & Sridevi, K. (2018). Importance of E-learning in Higher Education: A study. International Journal of Research Culture Society, 2(5): 1-8. Beltekin, E. and I. Kuyulu (2020), ‘The effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on education systems: Evaluation of distance learning system in Turkey’, Journal of Education and Learning 9, no. 4: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n4p1. Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1996). Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199604)10:2<151::AID-ACP380>3.0.CO;2-U Coman, C., Țîru, L. G., Meseșan-Schmitz, L., Stanciu, C. & Bularca, M. C. (2020). Online teaching and learning in higher education during the coronavirus pandemic: Students’ perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(24): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410367 Cui, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, L., Yang, A., Liu, Q., Kong, S., & Wang, H. (2023). A survey on big data-enabled innovative online education systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100295 Dhawan S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Education Technology System, 49, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018 Ellis, R.A. and Bliuc, A.M. (2019). Exploring new elements of the student approaches to learning framework: The role of online learning technologies in student learning. Active Learning in Higher Education, 20(1):11-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787417721384 Erlangga, D. T. (2022). Student problems in online learning: solutions to keep education going on. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 3(1), 21-26. DOI: 10.33365/jeltl.v3i1.1694 Falode, O. C., Chukwuemeka, E. J., Bello, A., & Baderinwa, T. (2020). Relationship between Flexibility of Learning, Support Services and Students’ Attitude towards Distance Learning Programme in Nigeria. European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 1(1), e02003. https://doi.org/10.30935/ejimed/8320 Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online Learning and Emergency Remote Teaching: Opportunities and Challenges in Emergency Situations. Societies. 10(4):1-18 https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086 Händel, M., M. Stephan, M. Gläser-Zikuda, B. Kopp, S. Bedenlie and A. Ziegler (2020), ‘Digital readiness and its effects on higher education students’ socioemotional perceptions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Research on Technology in Education 54, no. 2: 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1846147. Herrera-Pavo, M. Á. (2021). Collaborative learning for virtual higher education. Learning, culture and social interaction, 28, 100437:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2020.100437 Hoi, S. C., Sahoo, D., Lu, J., & Zhao, P. (2021). Online learning: A comprehensive survey. Neurocomputing, 459, 249-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.04.112 Humanika, E.S., Hairun, Y. & Ritonga, M. (2020). The implementation of a community partnership program to improve the quality of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11B): 6134-6138. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.082249 Hussein, E., Daoud, S., Alrabaiah, H., & Badawi, R. (2020). Exploring undergraduate students’ attitudes towards emergency online learning during COVID-19: A case from the UAE. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105699: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105699 Ismael, H.H.A. (2021). Exploring the critical challenges that influenced online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. A dissertation for the award of doctoral degree, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, Sejong City, South Korea. Ismail, M. I. B., & Arshah, R. B. A. (2016). The impacts of social networking sites in higher learning. International Journal of Software Engineering and Computer Systems, 2(1), 114-119. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijsecs.2.2016.10.0021 Jena, P. K. (2020). Online learning during lockdown period for COVID-19 in India. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research (IJMER), Vol. 9, Issue 5(8):82-92. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/qu38b Karatas, K., & Arpacı, I. (2021). The role of self-directed learning, metacognition, and 21st century skills predicting the readiness for online learning. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3) doi:10.30935/cedtech/10786 Kasradze, T. & Zarnadze, N., (2021). Learning Losses Caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic-A Significant Threat to Economic Development. European Journal of Education, 4(1): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.26417/175nzz76a Koç, E. M. (2020). Views of students in higher education on distance learning: advantages, disadvantages, problems encountered and recommendations. Turkish Studies-Applied Sciences, 15(1), 85−108. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.40041 Lam, Y. W., Hew, K. F. & Chiu, T. K. F. (2018). Improving argumentative writing: Effects of a blended learning approach and gamification. Language Learning & Technology, 22(1): 97–118. https://dx.doi.org/10125/44583 Lazim, C.S.L.M., Ismail, N.D.B. & Tazilah, M.D.A.K. (2021). Application of technology acceptance model (TAM) towards online learning during covid-19 pandemic: Accounting students perspective. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 24(1): 13-20. Martin, F. & Bolliger, D.U. (2018). Engagement matters: Student perceptions on the importance of engagement strategies in the online learning environment. Online Learning, 22(1): 205-222. doi:10.24059/olj.v22i1.1092 Medina, L. C. (2018). Blended Learning: Deficits and Prospects in Higher Education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34(1): 42-56. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3100 Mercan, A. (2018). University students’ opinions about distance learning and their readiness: an example of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of the University. A Masters thesis submitted to Afyon Kocatepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Afyon. Mukhtar, K., Javed, K., Arooj, M. & Sethi, A. (2020). Advantages, limitations and recommendations for online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic era. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, (36): 1-5. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2785 Müller, C., & Mildenberger, T. (2021). Facilitating flexible learning by replacing classroom time with an online learning environment: A systematic review of blended learning in higher education. Educational Research Review, 34, 100394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100394 Nassaji, H., (2020). Good qualitative research. Language Teaching Research, 24(4): 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820941288 Parkes, R.S. & Barrs, V.R., (2021). Interaction Identified as both a Challenge and a Benefit in a Rapid Switch to Online Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 48(6): 629-635. DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0063 Rose, J. & Johnson, C.W., (2020). Contextualizing reliability and validity in qualitative research: Toward more rigorous and trustworthy qualitative social science in leisure research. Journal of leisure research, 51(4): 432-451.https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1722042 Rovai, A.P., (2002). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The internet and higher education, 5(4): 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00130-6 Sánchez-Elvira Paniagua, A., &Simpson, O. (2018). Developing Student Support for Open and Distance Learning: The Empower Project. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1(9): 1-10. DOI: 10.5334/jime.470 Santiago, C. J., Ulanday, M. L., Centeno, Z. J., Bayla, M. C., & Callanta, J. (2021). Flexible Learning Adaptabilities in the New Normal: E-Learning Resources, Digital Meeting Platforms, Online Learning Systems and Learning Engagement. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 16(2): 38-56. Sengkey, D.F., Paturusi, S.D.E. & Sambul, A.M. (2021). Correlations between Online Learning Media Types, First Access Time, Access Frequency, and Students’ Achievement in a Flipped Classroom Implementation. Jurnal Sistem Informasi, 17(1): 44-57. https://doi.org/10.21609/jsi.v17i1.1008 Singh, C.K.S., Singh, T.S.M., Abdullah, N.Y., Moneyam, S., Ismail, M.R., Tek, E., Karupayah, T., Chenderan, K., Singh, M.K.R. & Singh, J.K.S. (2020). Rethinking English language teaching through telegram, WhatsApp, google classroom and zoom. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(11): 45-54. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.11.9 Stoja, J., Haas, M., Thammasitboon,S., Lander, L., Evans, S., Pawlik, C., Pawilkowska, T., Lew, M., Khamees, D., Peterson, W. & Hider, A. (2022). Online learning developments in undergraduate medical education in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A BEME systematic review: BEME guide No. 69. Medical Teacher, 44(2). 109-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1992373 Strauß, S., & Rummel, N. (2020). Promoting interaction in online distance education: designing, implementing and supporting collaborative learning. Information and learning sciences, 121(5/6), 251-260. DOI 10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0090 Susilana, R., Hutagalung, F. & Sutisna, M. (2020). Students’ perceptions toward online learning in higher education in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Elementary Education Online, 19(4): 9-19. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.101 Susilawati, E., Khaira, I. & Pratama, I., (2021). Antecedents to student loyalty in Indonesian higher education institutions: the mediating role of technology innovation. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 21(3): 40-56. DOI:10.12738/jestp.2021.3.004 Troussas, C., Krouska, A., & Sgouropoulou, C. (2021). Impact of social networking for advancing learners’ knowledge in E-learning environments. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 4285-4305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10483-6 Turan, Z., Kucuk, S. & Cilligol Karabey, S. (2022). The university students’ self-regulated effort, flexibility and satisfaction in distance education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 19(35): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00342-w Turu, M., Van Rossum, T., & Gridley, N. (2023). Starting university during the COVID-19 pandemic: A small-scale study of first-year education students’ expectations, experiences and preferences. Learning and Teaching, 16(1), 77-97. Van der Berg, S. & Spaull, N., (2020). COVID-19 school closures in South Africa and its impact on children. South African journal of childhood education, 10(1):1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v10i1.924 Vu, T.T.N., (2021). Understanding validity and reliability from qualitative and quantitative research traditions. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 37(3):1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4672. Yu, A. Y., Tian, S. W., Vogel, D., & Kwok, R. C. W. (2010). Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts. Computers & education, 55(4), 1494-1503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.06.015