National unity is a matter of great concern for many countries around the world today. The study of policy evaluation is an important aspect of the study of national unity. The evaluation of policy implementation effects can help policymakers analyze whether there are problems in the formulation and implementation of the policy, thereby promoting further policy adjustments to better achieve national unity. This article adopts thematic searches and a systematic literature review as research methods. Through the systematic review, it summarizes and analyzes the research on national unity policies across different regions and countries. The article has two objectives: First, to explore the current perspectives in the research on national unity policies, and second, to analyze the state of research regarding the effectiveness of national unity policies. Among the 35 papers analyzed, 7 were on integration policy, 6 were on education policy and 4 were on language policy. To a certain extent, this reflects the perspectives of some countries in Europe, Asia and Africa, including France, Greece, Russia, Turkey, China, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria and other countries on the governance of national unity. Research on policy effectiveness is mainly conducted from the perspectives of policy content and policy implementation. However, there is little analysis of successful cases that achieved the desired goals. The main contributions of this article are as follows: first, it summarizes and identifies the characteristics of national solidarity-related policies in different continents and countries. Secondly, the experience of the success and failure of the national unity policy is studied and summarized. In addition, this article also found that there are still gaps in the research on successful experiences and causes.

Adelman, I., and Morris, C. T. (1967). Society, politics, and economic development: A quantitative approach, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

Anderson, B. R. O. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed). Verso.

Bellino, M., and Dryden-Peterson, S. (2019). Inclusion and exclusion within a policy of national integration: Refugee education in Kenya’s Kakuma Refugee Camp. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION, 40(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2018.1523707

Bidandi, F., Roman, N., Davids, G., and Khaile, F. (2021).

Briggs, C. L. (1996). The Politics of Discursive Authority in Research on the “Invention of Tradition.” Cultural Anthropology, 11(4,), 435–469.

Brown, M. E. (2018). Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict. In Ethnic Conflict and International Security. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36zq9w.5

Connor, Walker. (1972). “Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?” World Politics.

De la Sablonniere, R., Nugier, A., Kadhim, N., Kleinlogel, E., Pelletier-Dumas, M., and Guimond, S. (2020). The impact of national integration policies on prejudice and psychological well-being: The fundamental role of the clarity and coherence of integration policies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 50(3), 614–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2647

Del Savio, L. (2020). Anti-Immigration Backlashes as Constraints. ETHICAL THEORY AND MORAL PRACTICE, 23(1), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-10058-y

Durkheim, É. 1897a. Le Suicide: étude de sociologie. Paris: Alcan

Easterly, W. (2005) Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict? SSRN Electronic Journal (2005),10.2139/ssrn.248579

Elbadawi E., and Sambanis N. (2000). Why are there so many civil wars in Africa? Understanding and preventing violent conflict. Journal of African Economies

Elliott, M. (2018). What is the source of ethnic tension in china?

Ernest, Renan. (1882). What is a Nation? (“Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?”), New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996: pp. 41–55

Fukuyama, Francis, (1995) Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.

Heywood, A. (2013). Politics (4th ed). Palgrave Macmillan.

Holtug, N., and Uslaner, E. M. (n.d.). National identity and social cohesion.

Jenson, J. (1998). Mapping social cohesion: The state of Canadian research. Family Network, CPRN.

Jitpiromsri, S., Haque, M. M., and Chambers, P. (2020). Peacebuilding in Thailand’s Deep South and in Myanmar/Burma: The dynamic roles of Muslim minorities in conflict societies. Asian Affairs (UK), 48(1), 85–110. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2020.1843216

Kymlicka, Will. (2015). “Solidarity in Diverse Societies: Beyond Neoliberal Multiculturalism and Welfare Chauvinism.” Comparative Migration Studies 3.

Lane, P., and Smith, D. (2021). Mid-term review- UK Roma national integration strategy: Roma at the intersection of ethnic-inclusive, post-racial and hyper-ethnic policies. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(1), 73–83. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1626226

Lemke, J. L. (2016). Identity, development and desire: Critical questions. In Identity Trouble: Critical Discourse and Contested Identities. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230593329

Masoud, A., Brunila, K., Kurki, T., and Holm, G. (2023). Racialised Integration: Arabic-Speaking Refugees and Immigrants’ Experiences on the Paradoxes of Integration. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 13(1), 1–8. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.543

Matveevskaya, A., and Pogodin, S. (2019). St. Petersburg’s experience in resolving of urban national conflicts. VESTNIK SANKT-PETERBURGSKOGO UNIVERSITETA-FILOSOFIYA I KONFLIKTOLOGIYA, 35(2), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2019.210

Mcmurry, N. (2022). From Recognition to Integration: Indigenous Autonomy, State Authority, and National Identity in the Philippines. AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, 116(2), 547–563. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421001039

Memisoglu, F., and Yavcan, B. (2022). Beyond ideology-a comparative analysis of how local governance can expand national integration policy: The case of Syrian refugees in Istanbul. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC AND MIGRATION STUDIES, 48(3), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1819780

Moore, T. (2020). Governing superdiversity: Learning from the Aboriginal Australian case. Social Identities, 26(2), 233–249. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1752168

Murard, E. (2023). Long-term effects of the 1923 mass refugee inflow on social cohesion in Greece. World Development, 170, 106311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106311

Pasetti, F., and Conte, C. (2021). Refugees and Beneficiaries of Subsidiary Protection: Measuring and Comparing Integration Policies. GLOBAL POLICY, 12(3), 350–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12951

Pitts, L. (2019). Unity in the trees: Arbor Day and Republican China, 1915–1927. JOURNAL OF MODERN CHINESE HISTORY, 13(2), 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2019.1688958

Russell, S., and Carter, P. (2019). When the Past Is in the Present: The Paradox of Educational Opportunity and Social Inclusion in South Africa and Rwanda. SOCIOLOGY OF RACE AND ETHNICITY, 5(4), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649218783517

Sah, P. (2021). Reproduction of nationalist and neoliberal ideologies in Nepal’s language and literacy policies. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, 41(2), 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1751063

Sandelind, C. (2019). Can the Welfare State Justify Restrictive Asylum Policies? A Critical Approach. ETHICAL THEORY AND MORAL PRACTICE, 22(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-09989-3

Smith, A. D. (1989). The origins of nations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 12(3), 340–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1989.9993639

Stone, W., and Hulse, K. (2007). Housing and social cohesion: An empirical exploration. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute.

Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204

The Responsibility of Government and Society Towards Social Cohesion: A Family Perspective. STRATEGIC REVIEW FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA, 43(1), 11–33. https://doi.org/10.35293/srsa.v43i1.335

Toker, Ş. (2021). Subtle Islamization of teacher education: A critical discourse analysis of Turkey’s “inclusive” education initiative for refugee integration. Linguistics and Education, 63, 100923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2021.100923

Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., and McGarty, C. (1994). Self and Collective: Cognition and Social Context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 454–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205002

Xue, E., and Li, J. (2020). Top-down education policy on the inclusion of ethnic minority population in China: A perspective of policy analysis. EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, 52(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1629903

Yang, M. (2019). From Dislocated to Local: Policy Implications of “Educational Aid for Tibet.” Asian Studies Review, 43(1), 94–113. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2018.1552657

Zeleza, P., Lake, D. A., and Rothchild, D. (1996). 6 Michael Brown, introduction to The International Dimension of Internal Conflict. In International Security (Vol. 21, Issue 2). Westview Press.