Policy implementation and strategic effects: Assessing the impact of parliamentary thresholds on Indonesia’s political system and governance

I Made Sumada, Azhari Aziz Samudra, Yudistira Adnyana, Bambang Irawan

Article ID: 8548
Vol 8, Issue 10, 2024

VIEWS - 1352 (Abstract)

Abstract


This study examines the impact of parliamentary thresholds on the Indonesian political system through the lens of the Routine Policy Implementation Model and the Strategic Policy Implementation Model. The main objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of parliamentary thresholds in managing political fragmentation, assess their impact on stability and representation in the legislative system, and understand their implementation’s technical and strategic implications. Using a qualitative approach supported by interview studies and field observations, this research combines analysis of election data in the 2009, 2014, and 2019 elections with a qualitative assessment of policy changes and political dynamics. The Routine Policy Implementation Model focuses on the technical aspects of threshold implementation, including vote counting procedures and seat allocation efficiency. Meanwhile, the Strategic Policy Implementation Model examines the broader implications of these thresholds for political consolidation, government effectiveness, and the representation of minor parties. The results show that the parliamentary threshold has significantly reduced political fragmentation by consolidating the number of parties in Parliament, resulting in a legislative system that is cleaner and easier to administer. However, this consolidation has also marginalized small parties and limited political diversity. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of how parliamentary thresholds affect administrative efficiency and strategic political stability in Indonesia, compared to democratic countries in transition, such as Slovenia and Montenegro. In conclusion, although parliamentary thresholds have increased political stability and government effectiveness, they have also raised concerns about the reduced representation of small and regional parties. The study recommends maintaining balanced thresholds that ensure stability and diversity, implementing mechanisms to review thresholds periodically, and involving diverse stakeholders in adjusting policies to reflect evolving political dynamics. This approach will help balance the need for a stable legislative environment with broad representation.


Keywords


routine policy implementation; strategic policy impact; political fragmentation; legislative stability; parliamentary threshold

Full Text:

PDF


References


Ames, H., Glenton, C., & Lewin, S. (2019). Purposive sampling in a qualitative evidence synthesis: a worked example from a synthesis on parental perceptions of vaccination communication. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0665-4 Antonyuk, N. (2019). Central, Eastern and East-Central Europle: on the History and the Current State of Conceptualization and Demarcation of Concepts. Politeja, 15(6(57)), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.57.01 Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is Qualitative in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7 Aulia, N. A., Husen, L. O., & Gadjong, A. A. (2021). The Presidential System with a Multiparty System is Based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Sovereign: International Journal of Law, 3(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.37276/sijl.v3i1.34 Bakke, E., & Sitter, N. (2013). Why do parties fail? Cleavages, government fatigue and electoral failure in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary 1992–2012. East European Politics, 29(2), 208–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2013.786702 Bans-Akutey, A., & Tiimub, B. (2021). Triangulation in Research. Academia Letters, 3392. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL33922 Burean, T. (2014). Political Representation in Poland and Hungary. The European Consortium For Political Research. Colomer, J. M. (editor). (2004). The Handbook of Electoral System Choice. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749 Ferlie, E., & Ongaro, E. (2022). Strategic Management in Public Services Organizations: Concepts, Schools and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003054917 Fithor, A., & Afrizal, T. (2022). The 2024 Indonesia Election Model: A Simplification of Election’s Paper. International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v1i2.45 Harmono, H., Manullang, S. O., Nugraha, K., et al. (2020). Analysis of Regional People’s Representative Council (DPRD) Comparative Study Activities in Efforts to Suppress Corruptive Behaviour. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(10), 226. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i10.2150 Joyce, P. (2022). Strategic Management and Governance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351045797 Kholis, N. (2020). Parliamentary Threshold and Political Rights Limitation. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1(3), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i3.37963 Krašovec, A., & Batrićević, N. (2020). Cleavages and Government in Slovenia and Montenegro. Politics in Central Europe, 16(3), 593–621. https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0027 Krimmer, R., Duenas-Cid, D., & Krivonosova, I. (2020). New methodology for calculating cost-efficiency of different ways of voting: is internet voting cheaper? Public Money & Management, 41(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1732027 Kumbaracıbaşı, A. C. (2018). Models of party institutionalization and problems of democratic consolidation. Mediterranean Politics, 25(2), 215–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2018.1537102 Li, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Threshold-Based Value-Driven Method to Support Consensus Reaching in Multicriteria Group Sorting Problems: A Minimum Adjustment Perspective. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 11(1), 1230–1243. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2023.3251351 Lijphart, A., & Gibberd, R. W. (1977). Thresholds and payoffs in list systems of proportional representation. European Journal of Political Research, 5(3), 219–244. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1977.tb01289.x Lotta, G., & Pires, R. (2019). Street-level bureaucracy research and social inequality. Research Handbook on Street-Level Bureaucracy. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786437631.00016 Marume, S. B. M., Mutongi, C., & Madziyire, N. C. (2016). An analysis of public policy implementation. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(4), 86-93. Mietzner, M. (2010). Political Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: The Role of the Constitutional Court. Journal of East Asian Studies, 10(3), 397–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800003672 Monteiro, J. M. (2023). Presidential Threshold and Parliamentary Threshold Setting in Elections. Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies, 1(02), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.59653/jplls.v1i02.32 Nugroho, R. M., Sudarsono, S., Istislam, I., et al. (2022). The Presidential Candidacy Threshold in Indonesia and Its Implications. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 5(8), 457–465. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i8.513 Opp, K.-D. (2020). Rational Choice Theory and Methodological Individualism. The Cambridge Handbook of Social Theory, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316677452.002 Pukelsheim, F. (2018). Compositional Proportionality among European Political Parties at European Parliament Elections. Central European Political Studies Review, 20. Raabe, J., & Linhart, E. (2017). Which electoral systems succeed at providing proportionality and concentration? Promising designs and risky tools. European Political Science Review, 10(2), 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755773916000278 Ramirez, J. G. C. (2023). Comprehensive Exploration of the CR Model. International Journal of Culture and Education, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.59600/ijcae.v1i3.16 Rani, P. (2019). Strategy Implementation in Organizations: A Conceptual Overview. Management, 14(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.26493/1854-4231.14.205-218 Rannie, M., Saraswati, R., & Wisnaeni, F. (2024). Does the Reform of the Parliamentary and Presidential Threshold Strengthen the Presidential System in Indonesia? Sriwijaya Law Review, 8(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol8.iss1.3157.pp133-151 Rich, T. S. (2014). Duverger’s Law in mixed legislative systems: The impact of national electoral rules on district competition. European Journal of Political Research, 54(1), 182–196. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12067 Rutledge, P. B., & Hogg, J. L. C. (2020). In‐Depth Interviews. The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, 1–7. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0019 Sager, F., & Hinterleitner, M. (2022). The politics of policy implementation: a reassessment in more conflictual times. Handbook on the Politics of Public Administration, 102–113. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109447.00016 Samudra, A. A., Hertasning, B., & Ladoni, A. (2024). Policy for handling air pollution in Jakarta: Study using System Dynamics Simulation Models. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(2), 1-18. Schlesinger, J. A., & Schlesinger, M. S. (2006). Maurice Duverger and the Study of Political Parties. French Politics, 4(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200085 Sinukaban, A. J. (2020). The Existence Of Regional Representative Boards In The Indonesian Representative Institution System. Journal of Law Science, 2(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.35335/jls.v2i1.1607 Siregar, R., Zulkarnain, & Rambe, S. (2022). The Journey of Political Parties in Indonesia in the State System. British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History, 2(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.32996/bjpsh.2022.2.1.3 Sumada, I. M. (2018). Collaboration Policy Of Regional Office Of National Anti-Narcotics Agency With Local Wisdom (Perarem Desa Pekraman) In Bali Handling Drug Abuse. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business, Economic, Social Science and Humanities (ICOBEST 2018). https://doi.org/10.2991/icobest-18.2018.101 Taylor, G. (2017). The constitutionality of election thresholds in Germany. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 15(3), 734–752. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mox050 Ugwu, C., & Eze, V. (2023). Qualitative Research. IDOSR Journal of Computer and Applied Sciences, 8, 20-35. Weible, C. M., Heikkila, T., deLeon, P., et al. (2011). Understanding and influencing the policy process. Policy Sciences, 45(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-011-9143-5 Whiteley, P. F. (1995). Rational Choice and Political Participation. Evaluating the Debate. Political Research Quarterly, 48(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.2307/449128 Wiraguna, S. A., Santiago, F., & Fakrulloh, Z. A. (2023). Legal Reforms in Indonesia Related to “Presidential Threshold” of Presidential Candidate in Law No. 7 Of 2017 Concerning General Elections. Journal of Social Research, 2(6), 2193–2199. https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i6.906 Wutoy, M., Waruwu, E., Ndraha, A. B., et al. (2022). Application of the Presidential Threshold Concept in the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election System and its Impact on the Indonesian Constitutional System. Journal of Digitainability, Realism & Mastery (DREAM), 1(03), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.56982/journalo.v1i03.28 Zhu, X. (2023). Western Studies on the Sovietization of Eastern Europe. Chinese Journal of Slavic Studies, 3(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjss-2023-0008



DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i10.8548

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 I Made Sumada, Azhari Aziz Samudra, Yudistira Adnyana, Bambang Irawan

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.