Water physico-chemical parameters, such as pH and salinity, play an important role in the larval development of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue fever. although the role of these two factors is known, the interaction between pH and salinity in various aquatic habitats is still not fully understood, especially in the context of endemic areas. this study explored how the interaction between pH and salinity affects the development of Aedes aegypti larvae in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) endemic areas. this study used a pure experimental design with a posttest-only control group approach. Aedes aegypti instar iv larvae were obtained from eggs collected in north kolaka regency, a dhf endemic area. the independent variables tested were pH (6 and 8) and salinity (0.4 gr/L and 0.6 gr/L), with the control group using pH 7 and no salinity. a two-way anova test was used to evaluate the interaction between pH and salinity, followed by tukey’s hsd post-hoc test to compare treatment groups. the results showed that, independently, pH and salinity had no significant effect on larval survival. however, the interaction between the two variables had a significant effect (p < 0.001). the combination of pH 8 and salinity 0.4 gr/L resulted in the highest survival rate, while pH 6 and salinity 0.6 gr/L caused a significant decrease in larval survival. the combination of alkaline pH (pH 8) and low salinity (0.4 gr/L) is the optimal condition for Aedes aegypti larval survival. the results of this study highlight the importance of considering the interaction between pH and salinity in environmental-based vector control strategies in endemic areas. further research is needed to explore other factors, such as aquatic microbiota and environmental variations, that may affect mosquito larval development.

Akhter, H., Misyura, L., Bui, P., et al. (2017). Salinity responsive aquaporins in the anal papillae of the larval mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Comp Biochem Physiol a Mol Integr Physiol, 144–151.

Bayoh, M. N., Lindsay, S. W. (2004). Temperature‐related duration of aquatic stages of the Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. Med Vet Entomol, 18(2), 174–179.

Bellamy, S., K., Paige, A., Alto, B. W. (2024). Trait- and density-mediated effects of predation on fecundity and fertility of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. J Med Entomol, 61(1), 132–141.

Boerlijst, S., Johnston, E., Ummels, A., et al. (2022). Biting the Hand that Feeds: Anthropogenic Drivers Interactively Make Mosquitoes Thrive. SSRN Electronic Journal, 858(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159716

Brady, O. J., Osgood-Zimmerman, A., Kassebaum, N. J., et al. (2019). The association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in Brazil 2015–2017: an observational analysis of over 4 million births. Plos med. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002755

Brugueras, S., Fernández-Martínez, B., Martínez-de, L., et al. (2020). Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: a systematic review. Environ Res, 191, 110038.

Buxton, M., Cuthbert, R. N., Dalu, T., et al. (2020). Cattle-induced eutrophication favours disease-vector mosquitoes. Science of The Total Environment, 715, 136952.

D’Silva, N. M., Patrick, M. L., O’Donnell, M. J. (2017). Effects of rearing salinity on expression and function of ion motive ATPases and ion transport across the gastric caecum of Aedes aegypti larvae. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(17), 3001–3094.

Donini, A., Gaidhu, M. P., Strasberg, D. R., et al. (2007). Changing salinity induces alterations in hemolymph ion concentrations and Na+ and Cl− transport kinetics of the anal papillae in the larval mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(6), 983–92.

Emidi, B., Kisinza, W. N., Mmbando, B. P., et al. (2017). Effect of physicochemical parameters on Anopheles and Culex mosquito larvae abundance in different breeding sites in a rural setting of Muheza, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors, 10(1), 304.

Hai, N. A., Khan, A. A., Haq, F., et al. (2021). A study on Adaptation of Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larvae in Sewage, Boring and Sea Water. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST); 12–16 January 2021; Islamabad, Pakistan. pp. 481–485.

Kinga, H., Kengne-Ouafo, J. A., King, S. A., et al. (2022). Water Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Composition Distinguish Anopheles and Culex Mosquito Breeding Sites: Potential as Ecological Markers for Larval Source Surveillance. J Med Entomol, 59(5), 1817–1826. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac115

Kraemer, M. U. G., Reiner, R. C., Brady, O. J., et al. (2019). Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nat Microbiol, 4(5), 854–863.

Leta, S., Beyene, T. J., Clercq, E. M. D., et al. (2018). Global risk mapping for major diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.026

Levi, T., Ben-Dov, E., Shahi, P. (2014). Growth and development of Aedes aegypti larvae at limiting food concentrations. Acta Trop, 133, 42–44.

Marini, G., Poletti, P., Giacobini, M., et al. (2016). The Role of Climatic and Density Dependent Factors in Shaping Mosquito Population Dynamics: The Case of Culex pipiens in Northwestern Italy. PLoS One, 11(4), 0154018.

Mbanzulu, K. M., Mboera, L. E. G., Wumba, R., et al. (2022). Physicochemical Characteristics of Aedes Mosquito Breeding Habitats in Suburban and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2021.789273

Medeiros-Sousa, A. R., Ceretti-Júnior, W., Nardi, M. S., et al. (2015). Diversity and abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in an urban park: larval habitats and temporal variation. Acta Trop, 150, 9–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.002

Medeiros-Sousa, A. R., Oliveira-Christe, R., Camargo, A. A., et al. (2020). Influence of water’s physical and chemical parameters on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) assemblages in larval habitats in urban parks of São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop, 205, 105394.

Multini, L. C., Oliveira-Christe, R., Medeiros-Sousa, A. R., et al. (2021). The influence of the pH and salinity of water in Breeding Sites on the Occurrence and Community Composition of Immature Mosquitoes in the Green Belt of the City of São Paulo, Brazil. Insects, 12(9), 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12090797

Putri, M. P., Prasasty, G. D., Anwar, C., Handayani D., et al. (2023). Water PH Correlates with the Number of Mosquito Larvae in Nature Tourism Park. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, 9(1), 36.

Ramasamy, R., Thiruchenthooran, V., Jayadas, T. T. P., et al. (2021). Transcriptomic, proteomic and ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology. BMC Genomics, 22(1), 253.

Ratnasari, A., Jabal, A. R., Rahma, N., et al. (2020). The ecology of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae habitat in coastal areas of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 21(10).

Ratnasari, A., Jabal, A. R., Syahribulan, S., et al. (2021). Salinity tolerance of larvae Aedes aegypti inland and coastal habitats in Pasangkayu, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 22(3).

Reiskind, M. H., Janairo, M. S. (2018). Tracking Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larval Behavior Across Development: Effects of Temperature and Nutrients on Individuals’ Foraging Behavior. J Med Entomol, 55(5), 1086–1092.

Rosenfeld, S., Blaustein, L., Kneitel, J., et al. (2019). The abundance and larval performance of Aedes phoeniciae in supralittoral rock-pools. Hydrobiologia, 846(17), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-04063-6

Ryan, S. J., Carlson, C. J., Mordecai, E. A., et al. Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 13(3).

Sarkar, R., Das, S., Saha, A., et al. (2024). Physico-chemical characteristics of breeding habitats in relation to larval density and relative abundance of Aedes mosquitoes from Siliguri sub-division, West Bengal, India. J Environ Biol, 45(3), 349–356.

Schoor, V. T., Kelly, E. T., Tam, N., et al. (2020). Impacts of Dietary Nutritional Composition on Larval Development and Adult Body Composition in the Yellow Fever Mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Insects, 11(8), 535.

Sivabalakrishnan, K., Thanihaichelvan, M., Tharsan, A., et al. (2023). Resistance to the larvicide temephos and altered egg and larval surfaces characterize salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep, 13(1), 8160.

Souza, R. S., Virginio, F., Riback, T. I. S., et al. (2019). Microorganism-Based Larval Diets Affect Mosquito Development, Size and Nutritional Reserves in the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Front Physiol, 9(10), 152.

Surendran, S., Veluppillai, T., Eswaramohan, T., et al. (2018). Salinity tolerant Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus—Infection with dengue virus and contribution to dengue transmission in a coastal peninsula. J Vector Borne Dis, 55(1), 23–26.

Thia, P., Ramayanti, I., Ghiffari, A., et al. (2023). Aedes aegypti Hatchability and Larval Development Based on Three Different Types of Water. Majalah Kesehatan Indonesia, 4(1), 27–32.

Tirado, D. F., Almanza-Vasquez, E., Almanza-Meza, E. J., et al. (2017). Larval Development of Mosquitoes and pH of Different Reservoirs in the City of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 9(6), 4137–4140. https://doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2017/v9i6/170906052

Torres, P. F. F., Baldinotti, H., Costa, D., et al. (2022). Influence of pH, light, food concentration and temperature in Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) larval development. EntomoBrasilis, 15.

Wilke, A. B. B., Wilk-da-Silva, R., Marrelli, M. T., et al. (2017). Microgeographic population structuring of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS One, 12(9).