employee engagement; organizational culture; organizational citizenship behavior; job satisfaction

Abbasi, A., and Wan Ismail, W. K. (2023). Linking Organizational Citizenship Behavior and organizational trust towards reducing workplace deviance behavior in higher education. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2157538. Al-Ali, A. H., Khalid Qalaja, L., and Abu-Rumman, A. (2019). Justice in organizations and its impact on organizational citizenship behaviors: A multidimensional approach. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1698792 Aly, T., Badawy, E., Kamel, M., and Hussein, M. M. (2016). Exploring the Relationship between Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v6i4.9939 Andreeva, T., and Kianto, A. (2012). Does knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(4), 617–636. Ansong, A. Owusu, S. A., Ansong, L. O., Andoh, R. P. K. (2022). Andoh, R. P. K. Leader humility and organisational citizenship behaviour: the mediating roles of job satisfaction and employee engagement. Cogent Business & Management., 11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2358166 Arumi, M. S., Aldrin, Neil., Murti, T. R. (2019). Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Organizational Commitment as a Mediator. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 8(4), 124–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i4.274 Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & stress, 22(3), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649 Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations. Academy of management review, 27(4), 505–522. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.7566023 Chang, W. J., Liao, S. H., Lee, Y. J., Lo, W. P. (2015). Organizational commitment, knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behaviour: the case of the Taiwanese semiconductor industry. Knowledge Managements Research & Practice, 13(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/kmrp.2013.51 Chen, C. C., Liu, T. Y., Chen, H. C. (2020). Relationship between transformational leadership, work engagement, and organisational citizenship behaviour: the moderating effect of work engagement. Educational Studies. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2024.2369899 Chen, H., and Jin, Y. (2024). The effects of organizational justice on Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Chinese context: The mediating effects of social exchange relationship. Public Personnel Management, 43(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014533897 D, D. C. (2022). Organizational disidentification and change-oriented citizenship behavior. Eur Manag J, 40(1), 90–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.02.002 de Geus CJC, Ingrams A, Tummers L, P. S. (2020). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Public Sector: a Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda. Public Admin Rev, 259–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13141 De Vries H, Bekkers V, T. L. (2016). Innovation in the public sector: a systematic review and future research agenda. Public Admin, 94(1), 146–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12209 Eisenberg, A., Davidova, J., and Kokina, I. (2018). The Interrelation between Organizational Learning Culture and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Rural Environment. Education. Personality, 11–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22616/REEP.2018.043 Eva, N., Newman, A., Zhou, A. J., & Zhou, S. S. (2020). The relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ internal and external community citizenship behaviors: The mediating role of prosocial motivation. Personnel Review, 49(2), 636–652. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2019-0019 Geremew, Y. M. (2024). Redefining hospitality leadership with digital disruption events: digital transformative leadership for building resilient and digital organizational citizenry. Ghashghaeinia, A. R., & Hafezi, S. H. A. H. R. A. M. (2015). Relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior among personnel of Islamic Azad University of Fars. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5(11), 131–138. Glavas, A. (2016). Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: Enabling employees to employ more of their whole selves at work. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00796 Glavas, A., & Kelley, K. (2014). The effects of perceived corporate social responsibility on employee attitudes. Business ethics quarterly, 24(2), 165–202. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20143206 Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of affective disorders, 141(2-3), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043 Hermawan, H., Thamrin, H. M., and Susilo, P. (2020). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Performance: The Role of Employee Engagement. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.1089 Hitt, M. A., Keats, B. W., and DeMarie, S. M. (2018). Navigating in the new competitive landscape: Building strategic flexibility and competitive advantage in the 21st century. Academy of Management Perspectives, 124, 22–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1998.1333922 Igwe, A., Onwumere, J. U. J., and EGBO, O. P. (2024). Effective human resource management as tool for organizational success. Human Resource Management (HRM), 6(39). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28228-6_2 Inandi, Y.; Buyukozkan, A. S. (2023). The effect of organizational citizenship behaviours of primary school teachers on their burnout. Educ. Sci. Theory Pract, 13, 1545–1550. https://doi.org/1545–1550. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.3.2337 J.C, J. (2019). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Collective Teacher Efficiency, and Student Achievement in Elementary Schools (Doctoral Thesis). Virginia: The College of William and Mary. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.04.010 Jackson, J. C. (2009). Organizational citizenship behaviors, collective teacher efficacy, and student achievement in elementary schools. The College of William and Mary. Judge, T. A., Parker, S., Colbert, A. E., Heller, D., & Ilies, R. (2001). Job satisfaction: A cross-cultural review. In Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology-Volume 2: Organizational Psychology (pp. 25–52). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608368.n3 Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287 Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. NY: Wiley Kinicki, A., and Williams, B. K. (2020). Management: A practical introduction (5e ed.). McGraw-HillCompanies. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730290111 Konovsky, M.A.; Pugh, S. D. (2014). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Acad. Manag, 37, 656–669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/256704 Liden R.C., Panaccio A., Meuser J.D., Hu J. & Wayne S.J. (2014) Servant leadership: antecedents, processes, and outcomes. In The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations (D.V. Day ed), pp. 357–379. Oxford University Press, New York. Liden R.C., Wayne S.J., Zhao H. & Henderson D. (2008) Servant leadership: development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly 19, 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006 Lin, M., Xie, M., Li, Z. (16 C.E.). Organizational Error Tolerance and Change-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Public Service Motivation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1, 2023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s431373 Linguanti, R. (2021). Enterprise Risk Management and non-financial risks disclosure: The value of an integrated approach in communicating with stakeholders. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511844133.004 Lubalu, B. M. S., FoEh, J. E., and Niha, S. S. (2023). Pengaruh Dukungan Organisasi, dan Budaya Organisasi Melalui Komitmen Organisasi sebagai Variabel Mediasi terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) (Suatu Kajian Studi Literatur Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia). Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Terapan, 4(4), 506–515. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38035/jim.v1i2.59 Luthans, F.; Peterson, S. (2022). Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy. J. Manag. Dev, 21, 376–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710210426864 Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L. (n.d.). (2023). A bibliometric analysis of influence of leadership styles on employees and organization in higher education sector from 2007 to 2022. International Journal of Leadership in Education. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2023.2236968 Mashi, M. S. (2017). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between organizational justice and employee outcomes. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(16), 1351–1360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1388819 Mathis, C. J., Anthony, E. L., & Sharif, M. M. (2023). Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance During the COVID-19 Pandemic for Full-Time Workers Forced to Work from Home. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 23(1), 15–28. Meng, X. X., Chenchen, N., Liang, F. Liu, Y. O. (2021). Research on the Influence of Paradoxical Leadership on Compulsory Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management., 14(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s318275 Meng, X., Chan, A. H., Lui, L. K., & Fang, Y. (2021). Effects of individual and organizational factors on safety consciousness and safety citizenship behavior of construction workers: A comparative study between Hong Kong and Mainland China. Safety science, 135, 105116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105116 Meynhardt, T., Brieger, S. A., & Hermann, C. (2020). Organizational public value and employee life satisfaction: The mediating roles of work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(12), 1560–1593. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1416653 Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1982). Employee organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press. Mueller, E. F., Fuchts, S. (2023). What holds a regional cluster together? The role of cluster actors’ identification and citizenship behavior for the effectiveness of a regional cluster. International Studies of Managements & Organzation, 53(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2023.2180219 Nan, K. N., Kanthong, S. Joungtrakul, J. (2023). An Empirical Study on the Model of Self-Efficacy and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Transmitted through Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in the Thai Automobile Parts Manufacturing Industry. Journal of Open Innovation, 7(170). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030170 Ng, L. P., Choong, Y. O., Kuar, L. S., Tan, C. E., and Teoh, S. Y. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour amongst health professionals: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(3), 797–804. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2019.1698850 Niu, C. C., Meng, X. X., Xiang, F. (2022). The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Paradoxical Leadership to Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s380383 Nurjanah, S., Pebianti, V., Handaru, A. W., and Foroudi, P. (2020). The influence of transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitments on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the inspectorate general of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Cogent Business & Management,. 7(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1793521 Organ, D. W., and Ryan, K. (2015). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 775–802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01781.x Organ, D., Podsakoff, P., and MacKenzie, S. (2016). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231082 Pless, N., and Maak, T. (2024). Building an Inclusive Diversity Culture: Principles, Processes and Practice. Journal of Business Ethics, 54(2), 129–147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-9465-8 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307 Putnam LL, Fairhurst GT, B. S. (2020). Contradictions, dialectics, and paradoxes in organizations: a constitutive approach. Acad Manag Ann, 10(1), 65–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1162421 Rasheed, A.; Jehanzeb, K.; Rasheed, M. (n.d.). (2013). An investigation of the antecedents of organizational citizenship behaviour: Case of Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Psychol. Stud, 5, 128–138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v5n1p128 Raudla R, Mohr Z, D. J. (2023). Which managerial reforms facilitate public sector innovation? Public Admin. 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12951 Robbins, S. P., and Judge, T. (2023). Organizational behaviour: Concept, controvesies and application. Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7202/050272ar Roslender, R., and Dyson, J. R. (2022). Accounting for the worth of employees: A new look at an old problem. The British Accounting Review. 24(4), 311–329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-8389(05)80040-x Rupp, D. E., Shapiro, D. L., Folger, R., Skarlicki, D. P., and Shao, R. (2017). A critical analysis of the conceptualization and measurement of organizational justice’: Is it time for reassessment? Academy of Management Annals. 11(2), 919–959. Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement? Human resource development quarterly, 25(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21187 Saraih, U. N., M. I. I., M. Z., Karim K., M., M. F., S., and M. H., A. (2019). The Influences of Job Performance, Work-Life Balance and Organizational Justice on Employees’ Career Satisfaction. Humanities &Amp; Social Sciences Reviews, 7(5), 442–447. https://doi.org/Https://Doi.Org/10.18510/Hssr.2019.7549 Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research, 12, 10–24. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership fourth edition. Schneider, B., Godfrey, E. G., Hayes, S. C., Huang, M., Lim, B.-C., Nishii, L. H., Raver, J. L., and Ziegert, J. C. (2023). The Human Side of Strategy: Organizational Dynamics. 32(2), 122–141. https://doi.org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0090-2616(03)00014-7 Sesen, H., & Basim, N. H. (2012). Impact of satisfaction and commitment on teachers’ organizational citizenship. Educational Psychology, 32(4), 475–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.670900 Sholiha, E. U. N., & Salamah, M. (2015). Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square for Modeling District/City Health Degrees in East Java. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS, 4(2), 169–174. Shuck, B., & Wollard, K. (2010). Employee engagement and HRD: A seminal review of the foundations. Human resource development review, 9(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484309353560 Simamora, P., Sudiarditha, I. K., and Yohana, C. (2019). The Effect of Servant Leadership on Employee Performance with Employee Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) As A Mediation Variable in Mandiri Inhealthth. International Journal on Advanced Science, Education, and Religion, 2(3), 13–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v2i3.36 Slawinski N, B. P. (2015). Running out of time: intertemporal tensions in business sustainability Organ Science. 26(2), 531–549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0960 Stahl, G. K., Brewster, C. J., Collings, D. G., & Hajro, A. (2020). Enhancing the role of human resource management in corporate sustainability and social responsibility: A multi-stakeholder, multidimensional approach to HRM. Human resource management review, 30(3), 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100708 Sung, S. Y., and Choi, J. N. (2024). Multiple dimensions of human resource development and organizational performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(6), 851–870. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1933 Teh, P.-L.; Sun, H. (2022). Knowledge sharing, job attitudes and organisational citizenship behaviour. Ind. Manag. Data Syst, 112, 64–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.5.2523 Thomsen, M., Karsten. S., Oort, F. J. (2016). Distance in schools: the influence of psychological and structural distance from management on teachers’ trust in management, organisational commitment, and organisational citizenship behaviour. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 27(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2016.1158193 Torfing, M., Cristofoli, D., Gloor, P. A., Meijer, A. J., Trivellato, B. (2020). Taming the snake in paradise: combining institutional design and leadership to enhance collaborative innovation. Policy and Society, 39(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1794749 Turnipseed, D. L. (2002). Are good soldiers good?: Exploring the link between organization citizenship behavior and personal ethics. Journal of business research, 55(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00217-X Umar, H. (2020). Desain Penelitian MSDM dan PerilakuKaryawan. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Verma, N., & Khatri, P. (2021). The nomological network of organizational attachment: A systematic review approach. Journal of Decision Systems, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2021.2002507 Vigoda, E., & Cohen, A. (2002). Influence tactics and perceptions of organizational politics: A longitudinal study. Journal of business research, 55(4), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00134-X von Müller, C., & Brieger, S. A. (2016). Public value of environmental investments: A conceptual outlook on the management of normatively determined risks. In Handbook of environmental and sustainable finance (pp. 131–145). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803615-0.00007-8 Wan, H. L. (2017). Relationship between organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviour: Examining the mediating role of job satisfaction. Wan, H. L., & Wan, H. L. (2016). Organisational justice and citizenship behaviour in Malaysia. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0030-0 Winoto, S. H. (2019). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transfor-masional, Quality Work Life (QWL), Trust, danIntegritas terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada Direktorat Jenderal BeaCukai. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.v5i2.1973 Zhang Y, H. Y. (2019). Paradoxical leader behavior in long-term corporate development: antecedents and consequences. Decision Process Organ Behavior Hum, 155, 42–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.03.007 Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., and Newman, A. (2017). Identity judgements, work engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The mediating effects based on group engagement model. Tourism Management, 61, 190–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.005