Promoting job performance among teachers through work engagement in Hong Kong: The shared mediation model
Vol 8, Issue 16, 2024
VIEWS - 40 (Abstract)
Abstract
Work can be demanding, imposing challenges that can be detrimental to the job performance of employees. Efforts are therefore underway to develop practices and initiatives that may improve job performance and well-being. These include interventions based on mindfulness, inclusive leadership and work engagement. In the present study, authors have presented an association of inclusive leadership and mindfulness towards job performance through employee work engagement among secondary teachers in the context of Hong Kong. The sample size of 263 teachers working from three secondary schools in Sha Tin, Hong Kong has been incorporated in this study. A structured questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale has been used based on purposive sampling by analysis of IBM SPSS 27 and Smart PLS version 4.0.9 by applying a structural equation modelling approach (SEM). The results indicated a strong positive influence on employee work engagement and job performance. Moreover, the bootstrap investigation showed that mindfulness and inclusive leadership were significantly associated with employees’ work engagement in the presence of mediators’ work engagement. This study adds to the very scarce literature on inclusive leadership and mindfulness. In addition, this research is the first study to test the mindfulness skill, inclusive leadership and job performance relationship. Furthermore, this is the first study to explore the concept of mindfulness and inclusive leadership in the Hong Kong context. Moreover, the findings of this research can be beneficial for future theory development on mindfulness skill and inclusive leadership in cross-cultural contexts.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abenavoli, R. M., Jennings, P. A., Greenberg, M. T., Harris, A. R., &Katz, D. A. (2013). The protective effects of mindfulness against burnout among educators. The Pyschology of Education Review, 37(2), 57–69.
Aboramadan, M., Albashiti, B., Alharazin, H., & Dahleez, K. A. (2020). Human resources management practices and organizational commitment in higher education: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0160
Amabile, T. M., & Pratt, M. G. (2016). The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.10.001
Ashikali, T., Groeneveld, S., & Kuipers, B. (2021). The Role of Inclusive Leadership in Supporting an Inclusive Climate in Diverse Public Sector Teams. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 41(3), 497-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19899722
Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.515
Bartlett, L., Buscot, M., Bindoff, A., Chambers, R., & Hassed, C. (2021). Mindfulness is associated with lower stress and higher work engagement in a large sample of MOOC participants. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724126
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley Publishers.
Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J. (1993), “Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance”, in Schmitt, N. and Borman, W.C. (Eds), Personnel Selection in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 71-98.
Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J. (1997), “Task performance and contextual performance: the meaning for personnel selection research”, Human Performance, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 99-109.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., and Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychol. Inq. 18, 211–237. doi: 10.1080/10478400701598298
Cetinkaya, B., and Yesilada, T. (2022). Inclusive leadership and employee innovative work behaviours: testing a psychological empowerment and leader-member exchange moderated-mediation model. J. Psychol. Afr. 32, 15–20. doi: 10.1080/14330237.2021.2002035
Choi, S. B., Tran, T. B. H., & Park, B. I. (2015). Inclusive leadership and work engagement: Mediating roles of affective organizational commitment and creativity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(6), 931-944. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.6.931
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology,64, 89–136.
Coetzer, Alan (2007). Employee perceptions of their workplaces as learning environments. Journal of Workplace Learning, 19(7), 417–434. doi:10.1108/13665620710819375
Collis, J. and R. Hussey (2014), Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, London: Palgrave
Cooper, C.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2008), Business Research Methods, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, Boston
Creswell, J.W., Klassen, A.C., Plano Clark, V.L. and Smith, K.C. (2011), Best Practices for Mixed Methods Research in the Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (MD), pp. 2094-2103.
Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713487753.
Davidescu, A. A., Apostu, S.-A., Paul, A., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees—Implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management. Sustainability, 12(15), 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086
Demerouti, E., & Cropanzano, R. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work engagement and job performance. In M. P. Leiter & A. B. Bakker (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 147–163). Hove: Psychology Press.
Education Bureau - Home. (2023, August 6). https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/index.html
El Sheikh Taha, F. (n.d.). The Role of Equity in Mediating the Relationship between Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance in Lebanon. (C2021). https://doi.org/10.26756/th.2022.264
El-Sabaa S. (2001). The skills and career path of an effective project manager. Int. J. Proj. Manag; 19:1–7. doi: 10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00034-4.
Elsaied, M. M. (2020). A moderated mediation model for the relationship between inclusive leadership and job embeddedness. Am. J. Bus 35, 191–210. doi: 10.1108/AJB-06-2019-0035
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190.
Flores, M. A. (2005). Mapping new teacher change: Findings from a two-year study. Teacher Development, 9(3), 389–412. doi:10.1080/13664530500200274
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
Glomb, T.M., Duffy, M.K., Bono, J.E. and Yang, T. (2011), “Mindfulness at work”, Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 30, pp. 115-157.
Gold, A.H., Malhotra, A. and Segars, A.H. (2001), “Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 185-214.
Gong, L., Zhang, S., & Liu, Z. (2023). The impact of inclusive leadership on task performance: a moderated mediation model of resilience capacity and work meaningfulness. Baltic Journal of Management, 19(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/bjm-01-2023-0029
Gouldner, A.W. (1960) The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
Gunasekara, A., & Zheng, C. S. (2019). Examining the effect of different facets of mindfulness on work engagement. Employee Relations, 41(1), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-09-2017-0220
GUPTA, V., SINGH, S., & BHATTACHARYA, A. (2017). The relationships between leadership, work engagement and employee innovative performance: Empirical evidence from the Indian R&D context. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(07), 1750055. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1363919617500554
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2011). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in Marketing Research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
Harris, A. R., Jennings, P. A., Katz, D. A., Abenavoli, R. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2016). Promoting stress management and wellbeing in educators: Feasibility and efficacy of a school-based yoga and mindfulness intervention. Mindfulness, 7, 143–154. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0451-2
Hennekam, S., Richard, S., & Grima, F. (2020). Coping with mental health conditions at work and its impact on self-perceived job performance. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(3), 626–645. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-05-2019-0211
Hollander, E. P. (2009). Inclusive leadership: The essential leader-follower relationship. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Hong Kong in brief (2022). https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/facts.htm
Hope, N., R. Koestner, and M. Milyavskaya. 2014. “The Role of Self-compassion in Goal Pursuit and Well-being among University Freshmen.” Self and Identity 13: 579–593. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.889032.
Huang C. C., Tu B., Zhang H., Huang J. (2022). Mindfulness practice and job performance in social workers: mediation effect of work engagement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19:10739. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710739
Hülsheger, U.R., Alberts, H.J.E.M., Feinholdt, A. and Lang, J.W.B. (2012), “Benefits of mindfulness at work: the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 98 No. 3, pp. 310-325.
Ioannou, A., Lycett, M., & Marshan, A. (2022). The role of mindfulness in mitigating the negative consequences of Technostress. Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10239-0
Jahanzeb, S., Fatima, T., Javed, B., & Giles, J. P. (2019). Can mindfulness overcome the effects of workplace ostracism on job performance? The Journal of Social Psychology, 160(5), 589–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1707465
Javed, B., Raza, N., Sayyed, M. M., Abdul, K., Arjoon, S., & Tayyeb, H. H. (2017). Impact of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior: The role of psychological safety – CORRIGENDUM. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 472–472. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2017.17
Jennings, P. A., Frank, J. L., Snowberg, K. E., Coccia, M. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2013). Improving classroom learning environments by Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE): Results of a randomized controlled trial. School Psycholpgu Quarterly, 28(4), 374–390. doi:10.1037/spq0000035
Jiang, Z. (2020). Research on the impact of inclusive leadership on team knowledge sharing—a multi-level model test with two-dimensional identity as the mediator. Academic Journal of Engineering and Technology Science, 3(7), 23–36.
Jichul Jang, Woomi Jo & Jinok Susanna Kim (2020): Can employee workplace mindfulness counteract the indirect effects of customer incivility on proactive service performance through work engagement? A moderated mediation model, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, DOI: 10.1080/19368623.2020.1725954
Jolly, P. M., and Lee, L. (2021). Silence is not golden:motivating employee voice through inclusive leadership. J. Hosp. Tour. Res. 45, 1092–1113. doi: 10.1177/1096348020963699
Karatepe, O.M. and Aga, M. (2016), “The effects of organization mission fulfillment and perceived organizational support on job performance: the mediating role of work engagement”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 368-387.
Ke, J., Zhang, J., & Zheng, L. (2022). Inclusive Leadership, Workplace Spirituality, and Job Performance in the Public Sector: A Multi-Level Double-Moderated Mediation Model of Leader-Member Exchange and Perceived Dissimilarity. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(3), 672–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2069138
Khan, J., Jaafar, M., Mubarak, N., and Khan, A. K. (2022). Employee mindfulness, innovative work behaviour, and IT project success: the role of inclusive leadership. Inf. Technol. Manag. doi: 10.1007/s10799-022-00369-5
King, E., & Haar, J. M. (2017). Mindfulness and job performance: a study of Australian leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55(3), 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12143
Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2011). The occupational commitment and intention to quit of practicing and pre-service teachers: Influence of self-efficacy, job stress, and teaching context. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(2), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.01.002
Kline, R.B. (2011), Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Press Google Scholar, New York, NY.
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302
Lado, A.A. and M.C. Wilson, 1994. Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4): 699-727.Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/258742.
Langer E. J. (1989). Minding matters: The consequences of mindlessness–mindfulness. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 137–173). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Lee, W.-R., Kang, S.-W., and Choi, S. B. (2022). Abusive supervision and employee’s creative performance: a serial mediation model of relational conflict and employee silence. Behav. Sci. 12, 1–14. doi: 10.3390/bs12050156
Li, T., & Tang, N. (2022). Inclusive Leadership and Innovative Performance: A Multi-Level Mediation Model of Psychological Safety. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 934831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.934831
Li, Z., & Chen, N. (2023). Work engagement and job-related well-being: The moderation by public service work motivation. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 33(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2023.2195700
Lohmöller J.-B. (1989). Latent variable Path Modeling With Partial Least Squares. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lu, X., Yu, H., & Shan, B. (2022). Relationship between employee mental health and job performance: Mediation role of Innovative Behavior and Work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116599
Ly, B. (2024). Inclusion leadership and employee work engagement: The role of organizational commitment in Cambodian public organization. Asia Pacific Management Review, 29(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2023.06.003
Ma, Q., and Tang, N. (2022). Too much of a good thing: the curvilinear relation between inclusive leadership and team innovative behaviors. Asia Pac. J. Manag. doi: 10.1007/s10490-022-09862-5
Malinowski, P and Lim, HJ (2015) Mindfulness at Work: Positive Affect, Hope, and Optimism Mediate the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Work Engagement, and Well-Being. Mindfulness, 60. pp. 1250-1262. ISSN 1868-8535
Moletsane, M., Tefera, O., & Migiro, S. (2019). The relationship between employee engagement and organisational productivity of sugar industry in South Africa : The Employees’ Perspective. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 14(1), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2019/v14n1a6
Montreuil, V.-L. (2022). Organizational change capability: A scoping literature review and agenda for future research. Management Decision, 61(5), 1183–1206. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2022-0051
Mor Barak, M., & Levin, A. (2002). Outside of the corporate mainstream and excluded from the work community: A study of diversity, job satisfaction and well-being. Community, Work & Family, 5(2), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800220146346
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_1
Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7), 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.413
Ng, W., Nicholas, H., & Williams, A. (2010). School experience influences on pre-service teachers’ evolving beliefs about effective teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 278–289. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2009.03.010
Ngo, L. V., Nguyen, N. P., Lee, J., & Andonopoulos, V. (2020). Mindfulness and job performance: Does creativity matter? Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 28(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.12.003
Nguyen, P. V., Le, H. T. N., Trinh, T. V. A., & Sa, H. T., DO. (2019). The effects of inclusive leadership on job performance through mediators. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 24(2), 63–94. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2019.24.2.4
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Rayton, B. A., & Yalabik, Z. Y. (2014). Work engagement, psychological contract breach and job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(17), 2382–2400. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.876440
Rozelle, J. J., & Wilson, S. M. (2012). Opening the black box of field experiences: How cooperating teachers’ beliefs and practices shape student teachers’ beliefs and practices. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(8), 1196–1205. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.07.008
Rudy, D., Sheldon, K. M., Awong, T., & Tan, H. H. (2007). Autonomy, culture, and well-being: The benefits of inclusive autonomy. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(5), 983–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.11.004.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a brief questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716. DOI: 10.1348/096317909X402596
Schmertz, S. K., Anderson, P. L., & Robins, D. L. (2009). The relation between self-report mindfulness and performance on tasks of sustained attention. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(1), 60–66.
Shafaei, A., and Nejati, M. (2023). Green human resource management and employee innovative behaviour: does inclusive leadership play a role? Pers. Rev. doi: 10.1108/PR-04-2021-0239
Shin, Y., & Eom, C. (2014). Team proactivity as a linking mechanism between team creative efficacy, transformational leadership, and risk-taking norms and team creative performance. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 48, 89–114.
Shin, Y., Hur, W.-M. and Choi, W.-H. (2020), “Coworker support as a double-edged sword: a moderated mediation model of job crafting, work engagement, and job performance”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 31 No. 11, pp. 1417-1438.
Shonin, E.; Van Gordon, W.; Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Do mindfulness-based therapies have a role in the treatment of psychosis?. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(2), 124–127. doi:10.1177/0004867413512688
Shuck, B., & Herd, A. M. (2012). Employee engagement and leadership: Exploring the convergence of two frame-works and implications for leadership development in HRD. Human Resource Development Review, 11(2), 156–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484312438211
Song, L., Tsui, A. S., & Law, K. S. (2009). Unpacking employee responses to organizational exchange mechanisms: The role of social and economic exchange perceptions. Journal of Management, 35(1), 56–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321544
Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2005). Performance concepts and performance theory. Psychological Management of Individual Performance, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013419.ch1
Taylor, N. Z., & Millear, P. M. R. (2016). The contribution of mindfulness to predicting burnout in the workplace. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.005.
The Education University of Hong Kong: Annual report 2021-2022. – Page 6. https://www.eduhk.hk/ar/annual2122/EdUHK_AR_2021-2022C/4/index.html
Tiwari, S., & Garg, P. (2019). Promoting basic need satisfaction at workplace: The relevance of mindfulness in support of Job Performance of Employees. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278682118785812
Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2020). Teacher job satisfaction: The importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational Review, 73(1), 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
Tran, T. B. H., & Choi, S. B. (2019). Effects of inclusive leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating roles of organizational justice and learning culture. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 13(17), e17–e11. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2019.10
Van Scotter, J., Motowidlo, S. J., & Cross, T. C. (2000). Effects of task performance and contextual performance on systemic rewards. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.526
van Zyl, L. E., van Vuuren, H. A., Roll, L. C., & Stander, M. W. (2022). Person-environment fit and task performance: Exploring the role(s) of grit as a personal resource. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03461-9
Wu, G., & Li, M. (2023). Impact of inclusive leadership on employees’ innovative behavior: A relational silence approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1144791
Xu, Y., Chen, K., and Feng, M. (2022). Can career calling reduce employee silence? The mediating role of thriving and the moderating role of inclusive leadership. Curr. Psychol. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-04002-0
Zainuddin, P. F., Noor, N. M., Kadri, A., & Maimon, N. Z. (2021). Identifying factors of job stress that affect job performance among employees in Sarawak Corporation, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i2/9204
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd7352
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hong Liang, Asokan Vasudevan, J. Bamini, Lian Xiao, A. Vasumathi, Galdolage B. S
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.