Industrial pollution is a pressing environmental challenge of our time. It has profoundly impacted ecosystems, human health, and quality of life. This study delves into the realms of legal responsibility and environmental justice in the context of pollution stemming from industrial activities. The research aim is to identify and analyze effective legal and policy approaches to handle and tackle this issue. The research method employed is a literature review, scouring for references pertinent to the research context. It used secondary data, which are data available to the public. Data were obtained using industrial pollution as the main keyword, in addition to legal and environmental responsibilities. The findings underscore not only the significance of stringent law enforcement but also highlight the pivotal and empowering role of community participation in the decision-making process. The industry is called upon to demonstrate transparency and accountability. The research further underscores the need for a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving multiple disciplines and sectors to devise sustainable solutions that safeguard the environment while fostering economic growth. It concludes that achieving environmental justice and legal responsibility in the context of industrial pollution necessitates a blend of innovative policies, bolstered community capacity, and enhanced cross-border cooperation.

law; legal responsibility; environmental justice; industrial pollution

Adi, R. (2021). Social and legal research methodology. Indonesian Obor Library Foundation.

Álvarez, L., & Coolsaet, B. (2020). Decolonizing Environmental Justice Studies: A Latin American Perspective. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 31(2), 50–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2018.1558272

Aylesworth, L., Foster, S. J., & Vincent, A. C. J. (2020). Realities of offering advice to governments on CITES. Conservation Biology, 34(3), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13451

Bashir, M. F., MA, B. J., Bilal, Komal, B., et al. (2020). Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californian context. Environmental Research, 187, 109652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109652

Bashyal, R., Paudel, K., Hinsley, A., et al. (2023). Making sense of domestic wildlife and CITES legislation: The example of Nepal’s orchids. Biological Conservation, 280, 109951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109951

Bell, S., McGillivray, D., & Pedersen, O. (2013). Environmental law. Oxford University Press.

Benuf, K., & Azhar, M. (2020). Legal Research Methodology as an Instrument to Unravel Contemporary Legal Problems (Indonesian). Gema Keadilan, 7(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2020.7504

Beyerlin, U., & Marauhn, T. (2011). International environmental law. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Bodansky, D., & van Asselt, H. (2024). The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press.

Brinkley, C., & Wagner, J. (2024). Who Is Planning for Environmental Justice—and How? Journal of the American Planning Association, 90(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2118155

Browne, G. R., Gunn, L. D., & Davern, M. (2022). A Framework for Developing Environmental Justice Indicators. Standards, 2(1), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards2010008

Bungin, B. (2001). Qualitative Research Methodology. Oxford University Press.

Couzens, E. (2013). CITES at Forty: Never Too Late to Make Lifestyle Changes. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 22(3), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12046

Gillespie, A. (2014). International environmental law, policy, and ethics. OUP Oxford.

Cánovas González, D. (2023). Present and Future of Environmental Law in Cuba. FIU Law Review, 17(3), 507–531. https://doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.17.3.6

Hidup, K. L. (2009). Law No.32 of 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. State Gazette of 2009 No.140, Supplement No.5059.

Horgan, L., Mok, K., Boetsch, E., et al. (2024). What Does Chelsea Creek Do for You? A Relational Approach to Environmental Justice Communication. Environmental Justice, 17(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0081

Johnston, J., & Cushing, L. (2020). Chemical Exposures, Health, and Environmental Justice in Communities Living on the Fenceline of Industry. Current Environmental Health Reports, 7(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00263-8

Khasanova, S. S., & Saydulgerieva, M. A. (2024). Environmental pollution and implementation of sustainable development goals. In: BIO Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences.

Kronenberg, J., Haase, A., Łaszkiewicz, E., et al. (2020). Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities. Cities, 106, 102862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102862

Kumar, L., Naqvi, S. A., Deitch, M. J., et al. (2024). Opportunities and constraints for cleaner production policy in the developing world: A case study of Sindh Region, Pakistan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(2), 4391–4434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02889-0

Lazarus, R. J. (2023). The making of environmental law. University of Chicago Press.

Li, X., Zhang, G., & Qi, Y. (2023). Differentiated environmental regulations and enterprise innovation: the moderating role of government subsidies and executive political experience. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(2), 3639–3669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02851-0

Liotta, C., Kervinio, Y., Levrel, H., et al. (2020). Planning for environmental justice - reducing well-being inequalities through urban greening. Environmental Science & Policy, 112, 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.03.017

Manchikanti, P. (2017). 1. Nature Conservation: Natural Lands and Biological Diversity. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 28, 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvy051

Manchikanti, P. (2020). 1. Nature Conservation: Natural Lands and Biological Diversity. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 31(1), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvab010

Martin, A., Armijos, M. T., Coolsaet, B., et al. (2020). Environmental Justice and Transformations to Sustainability. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 62(6), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2020.1820294

Martínez-Alier, J. (2023). The United States: the cradle of environmental justice against environmental racism. In: Land, Water, Air and Freedom. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Menton, M., Larrea, C., Latorre, S., et al. (2020). Environmental justice and the SDGs: from synergies to gaps and contradictions. Sustainability Science, 15(6), 1621–1636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00789-8

Moleong, L. J. (2007). Qualitative research methodology. PT Teen Rosdakarya.

Morgera, E. (2024). The progressive development of international biodiversity law from the 1972 Stockholm Conference to the synergistic protection of biodiversity and human rights, including at the ocean-climate nexus. Available online: https://oneoceanhub.org/publications/the-progressive-development-of-international-biodiversity-law-from-the-1972-stockholm-conference-to-the-synergistic-protection-of-biodiversity-and-human-rights-including-at-the-ocean-climate-nexus/ (accessed on 21 June 2024).

Morgera, E., & Tsioumani, E. (2012). 1. Nature Conservation: Natural Lands and Biological Diversity. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 23(1), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvt020

Muhammad, S., Long, X., & Salman, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: A blessing in disguise? Science of The Total Environment, 728, 138820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138820

Oldfield, S. F. (2013). The Evolving Role of CITES in Regulating the International Timber Trade. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 22(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12045

Orts, E. W. (2019). Reflexive Environmental Law. In: Environmental Law. Routledge.

Paloniitty, T., Kaavi, S., & Yuan, L. (2024). Regulating Industrial Emissions, Water Management or Aquatic Biodiversity? Navigating the Evolving European Legal Landscape on Waters. European Energy and Environmental Law Review, 33(Issue 2), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.54648/eelr2024004

Plater, Z. J., Abrams, R. H., Graham, R. L., et al. (2016). Environmental law and policy: Nature, law, and society. Aspen Publishing.

Rahardjo, M. (2011). Qualitative research data collection methods. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University; Unpublished work.

Ramirez-Andreotta, M. (2019). Environmental justice. In: Environmental and pollution science. Academic Press.

Rao, C., & Yan, B. (2020). Study on the interactive influence between economic growth and environmental pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(31), 39442–39465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10017-6

Sasser, J. S. (2024). At the intersection of climate justice and reproductive justice. WIREs Climate Change, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.860

Scott-Buechler, C., Cain, B., Osman, K., et al. (2024). Communities conditionally support deployment of direct air capture for carbon dioxide removal in the United States. Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01334-6

Shang, Y., Zhou, S., Zhuang, D., et al. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence application on enterprise environmental performance: Evidence from microenterprises. Gondwana Research, 131, 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.02.012

Sitorus, N., Ginting, B., Sunarmi, & Siregar, M. (2022). Environmental Management Law Policy in Indonesia Towards People’s Prosperity. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development (ICOPOSDEV 2021).

Song, Y., Yang, T., Li, Z., et al. (2020). Research on the direct and indirect effects of environmental regulation on environmental pollution: Empirical evidence from 253 prefecture-level cities in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 122425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122425

Sugiyono, S. (2010). Quantitative and qualitative research methods and R&D. Alphabeta Bandung.

Sze, J. (2020). Environmental justice in a moment of danger. University of California Press.

Templer, A. L. (2024). Urban Forests Role in Ecosystem Services in the 24: 1 Community and the Normandy Schools Collaborative of St. Louis County, Missouri: A Study in Environmental Justice [Master’s thesis]. Oregon State University.

Ukaogo, P. O., Ewuzie, U., & Onwuka, C. V. (2020). Environmental pollution: Causes, effects, and the remedies. In: Microorganisms for sustainable environment and health. Elsevier.

Wang, H., Li, L., & Xu, X. (2024). Do environmental regulation policies increase urban boundary pollution? Micro evidence from Chinese industrial enterprises. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 106, 107524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107524

Wang, K., & Xing, Z. (2024). Study on the Precautionary Principle in Environmental Justice from the Perspective of Kunming Declaration. Science of Law Journal, 3(2), 62–70.

Yang, T., & Percival, R. V. (2009). The emergence of global environmental law. Ecology LQ, 36, 615.

Zed, M. (2004). Literature research method. Indonesian Obor Foundation.