The urgency of urban health in Indonesia is very worrying because most of Indonesia’s population now lives in urban areas with minimal supporting infrastructure. That prompted this study to analyze the government’s response to the healthy city development plan in the new capital city. This study uses a qualitative approach that focuses on thematic analysis. It helps check official government documents related to healthy city development plans. The relevant documents that were found were in the form of regulations. This regulation is Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital (Ibu Kota Negara, IKN). This official document was coded by maximizing the analysis tool, namely NVivo 12 Plus. This study succeeded in mapping several bare references in the healthy city development plan for the new capital city by the Indonesian government. Some of these primary references include the healthy city model (World Health Organization, WHO), the healthy city strategy (Cardiff), and (Vancouver). All of these primary references aim to improve the quality of life of residents in cities through city development that focuses on health. However, there are several challenges that the Indonesian government may face in the future, including problems with air pollution, environmentally friendly transportation, and the provision of green public spaces, health facilities, universal health services, and other infrastructure. This all requires adequate capacity and budget plans, including ensuring transparency in budget management. This study also encourages collaboration between the government, the private sector, and civil society to support the development of healthy cities that run well and sustainably.

Abdillah, A., Widianingsih, I., Buhari, R. A., & Rusliadi, R. (2023). Collaborative Communication Models in Non-cash Food Assistance (Bantuan Pangan Non-Tunai, BPNT) Program: Toward Community Resilience. In: Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks. Springer. pp. 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1767-9_6

Acar, C., & Dincer, I. (2020). The potential role of hydrogen as a sustainable transportation fuel to combat global warming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(5), 3396–3406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.149

Afdhal, M., Alam, A., Grattan, K., et al. (2022). Designing for a Healthier Makassar, Indonesia: Participatory Systems Mapping. Journal of Urban Health, 99(4), 770–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00651-5

Agustina, R., Dartanto, T., Sitompul, R., et al. (2019). Universal health coverage in Indonesia: concept, progress, and challenges. The Lancet, 393(10166), 75-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31647-7

Alencar, V. A., Rooke, F., Cocca, M., et al. (2021). Characterizing client usage patterns and service demand for car-sharing systems. Information Systems, 98, 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2019.101448

Allen, C., Reid, M., Thwaites, J., Glover, R., & Kestin, T. (2020). Assessing national progress and priorities for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): experience from Australia. Sustainability Science, 15(2), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00711-x.

Aminipouri, M., Rayner, D., Lindberg, F., et al. (2019). Urban tree planting to maintain outdoor thermal comfort under climate change: The case of Vancouver’s local climate zones. Building and Environment, 158, 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.05.022

Ashton, J., Grey, P., & Barnard, K. (1986). Healthy cities — WHO’s New Public Health initiative. Health Promotion International, 1(3), 319–324. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/1.3.319

Atmojo, M. E., & Fridayani, H. D. (2018). Public Services Analysis In The Border Areas Of West Kalimantan And Malaysia: A Case Study Of Sambas District Government, West Kalimantan. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 2(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.15282/jgi.2.1.2018.5536

Baharuddin, T., Nurmandi, A., Qodir, Z., et al. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Socio-Political Research on Capital Relocation: Examining Contributions to the Case of Indonesia. Journal of Local Government Issues, 5(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.22219/logos.v5i1.19468

Barton, H., & Grant, M. (2013). Urban Planning for Healthy Cities. Journal of Urban Health, 90(S1), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9649-3

Bhui, K. S., & McKenzie, K. (2008). Rates and Risk Factors by Ethnic Group for Suicides Within a Year of Contact With Mental Health Services in England and Wales. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 414–420. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.4.414

Brown, A., Chucha, S., & Trickey, H. (2023). Becoming breastfeeding friendly in Wales: Recommendations for scaling up breastfeeding support. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 19(S1). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13355

Cao, H., Li, M., Lu, Y., et al. (2022). The impact of strengthening government auditing supervision on fiscal sustainability: Evidence from China’s auditing vertical management reform. Finance Research Letters, 47, 102825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102825

Carmichael, L., Townshend, T. G., Fischer, T. B., et al. (2019). Urban planning as an enabler of urban health: Challenges and good practice in England following the 2012 planning and public health reforms. Land Use Policy, 84, 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.043

Cepparulo, A., Eusepi, G., & Giuriato, L. (2024). Public Finance, Fiscal Rules and Public–Private Partnerships: Lessons for Post-COVID-19 Investment Plans. Comparative Economic Studies, 66(1), 191–213. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41294-023-00213-x

City of Vancouver. (2015). Healthy City Strategy - Four Year Action Plan | 2015-2018. Vancouver.Ca.

Corburn, J. (2017). Equitable and Healthy City Planning: Towards Healthy Urban Governance in the Century of the City. In: de Leeuw, E., Simos, E. (editors). Healthy Cities: The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value-Based Urban Planning, 1st ed. Springer, New York. pp. 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_2

Davern, M., Gunn, L., Whitzman, C., et al. (2017). Using spatial measures to test a conceptual model of social infrastructure that supports health and wellbeing. Cities & Health, 1(2), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2018.1443620

de Leeuw, E. (2017). From Urban Projects to Healthy City Policies. In: de Leeuw, E., Simos, E. (editors). Healthy Cities: The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value-Based Urban Planning, 1st ed. Springer, New York. pp. 407–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_17

De Leeuw, E., Kickbusch, I., Palmer, N., et al. (2015). European Healthy Cities come to terms with health network governance. Health Promotion International, 30(suppl 1), i32–i44. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav040

Debrah, C., Owusu-Manu, D.-G., Kissi, E., et al. (2020). Barriers to green cities development in developing countries: evidence from Ghana. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 11(3), 438–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-06-2020-0089

DeWeese‐Boyd, I., & DeWeese‐Boyd, M. (2007). The Healthy City Versus the Luxurious City in Plato’sRepublic: Lessons About Consumption and Sustainability for a Globalizing Economy. Contemporary Justice Review, 10(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580601157935

Dhital, S., & Rupakheti, D. (2019). Bibliometric analysis of global research on air pollution and human health: 1998–2017. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(13), 13103–13114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04482-x

Duhl, L. J., & Sanchez, A. K. (1999). Healthy cities and the city planning process: a background document on links between health and urban planning. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/108252 (accessed on 07 April 2024).

Frank, L. D., Hong, A., & Ngo, V. D. (2021). Build it and they will cycle: Causal evidence from the downtown Vancouver Comox Greenway. Transport Policy, 105, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.02.003

Goldstein, G. (2000). Healthy Cities: Overview of a WHO International Program. Reviews on Environmental Health, 15(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh.2000.15.1-2.207

Gray, B. J., Jones, A. T., Couzens, Z., et al. (2019). University students’ behaviours towards accessing sexual health information and treatment. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 30(7), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462419828866

Guida, C., & Carpentieri, G. (2021). Quality of life in the urban environment and primary health services for the elderly during the Covid-19 pandemic: An application to the city of Milan (Italy). Cities, 110, 103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103038

Hambleton, R. (2020). Leading the healthy city: taking advantage of the power of place. Cities & Health, 4(2), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2019.1693793

Haryanto, B. (2018). Climate Change and Urban Air Pollution Health Impacts in Indonesia. In: Akhtar, R., Palagiano, C. (editors). Climate Change and Air Pollution. Springer, Cham. pp. 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61346-8_14

Higgs, G., Langford, M., & Norman, P. (2015). Accessibility to sport facilities in Wales: A GIS-based analysis of socio-economic variations in provision. Geoforum, 62, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.04.010

Ibrahim, A. H. H., Baharuddin, T., & Wance, M. (2023). Developing a Forest City in a New Capital City: A Thematic Analysis of the Indonesian Government’s Plans. Jurnal Bina Praja, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.15.2023.1-13

Indonesian government. (2022). Lampiran II - Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 Tentang Ibu Kota Negara (Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2022 concerning the State Capital). ikn.go.id.

Irfan, M., Shah, H., Koj, A., et al. (2018). Finding space to grow urban hedges as a natural air filter along pedestrian paths: a GIS-based investigation of a UK urban centre. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-018-0082-9

Islam, H., Soesilo, T. E. B., & Hasibuan, H. S. (2019). Noise regulation of KRL commuterline in Indonesia: A critical review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 399(1), 012091. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012091

Johnes, M. (2012). Cardiff: The Making and Development of the Capital City of Wales. Contemporary British History, 26(4), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2012.676911

Kumar, M., Vohra, J. G., Pathania, A., et al. (2024). Airborne Infection Control measures among Government and Private Health Facilities in a hilly district of North India. Indian Journal of Community Health, 36(2), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2024.v36i02.013

Kumar, P., Singh, A. B., Arora, T., et al. (2023). Critical review on emerging health effects associated with the indoor air quality and its sustainable management. Science of The Total Environment, 872, 162163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162163

Latif, M. T., Dominick, D., Ahamad, F., et al. (2016). Seasonal and long term variations of surface ozone concentrations in Malaysian Borneo. Science of The Total Environment, 573, 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.121

Lee, C. B., Huang, N.-C., Kung, S.-F., et al. (2021). Opportunity for HiAP through a Healthy Cities initiative in Taiwan: a multiple streams analysis. Health Promotion International, 36(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa037

Leeuw, E. De, Palmer, N., & Spanswick, L. (2015). City fact sheets: WHO European Healthy Cities Network. WHO Regional Office for Europe.

Li, X., Song, J., Lin, T., et al. (2016). Urbanization and health in China, thinking at the national, local and individual levels. Environmental Health, 15(S1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0104-5

Ling, Z., Zhang, C., He, J., et al. (2023). Association of Healthy Lifestyles with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study in Chinese Government Employees. Nutrients, 15(3), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030604

Lowe, M., Adlakha, D., Sallis, J. F., et al. (2022). City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities. The Lancet Global Health, 10(6), e882-e894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00069-9

Lucretie, A. (2024). Otorita IKN Ajukan Tambahan Anggaran Rp 3,5 Triliun, Ini Penggunaannya. Kontan.Co.Id.

Luo, J., Chan, E. H. W., Du, J., Feng, L., Jiang, P., & Xu, Y. (2022). Developing a Health-Spatial Indicator System for a Healthy City in Small and Midsized Cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063294

Lv, Z., Guo, H., Zhang, L., et al. (2022). Comparative Study on the Evaluation of Healthy City Construction in Typical Chinese Cities Based on Statistical Data and Land Use Data. Sustainability, 14(5), 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052519

Maury-Mora, M., Gómez-Villarino, M. T., & Varela-Martínez, C. (2022). Urban green spaces and stress during COVID-19 lockdown: A case study for the city of Madrid. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 69, 127492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127492

Mitton, C., Smith, N., Peacock, S., et al. (2009). Public participation in health care priority setting: A scoping review. Health Policy, 91(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.01.005

Nakamura, K., & Ashton, A. C. J. (2017). The Diversity of Healthy Cities in Asia and the Pacific. In: de Leeuw, E., Simos, J. (editors). Healthy Cities: The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value-Based Urban Planning, 1st ed. Springer, New York. pp. 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_11

Neves, A., & Brand, C. (2019). Assessing the potential for carbon emissions savings from replacing short car trips with walking and cycling using a mixed GPS-travel diary approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 123, 130–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.022

Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence. Environment International, 140, 105661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661

Niu, B. (2024). Government environmental protection expenditure and national ESG performance: Global evidence. Innovation and Green Development, 3(2), 100117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100117

Northridge, M. E. (2003). Sorting Out the Connections Between the Built Environment and Health: A Conceptual Framework for Navigating Pathways and Planning Healthy Cities. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80(4), 556–568. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg064

Nurkaidah, Anas, A., & Baharuddin, T. (2024). Implementation of environmental policies on the development of a new capital city in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2297764

Ogunkola, I. O., Adebisi, Y. A., Imo, U. F., et al. (2020). Rural communities in Africa should not be forgotten in responses to COVID‐19. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(6), 1302–1305. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3039

Palutturi, S. (2013). Healthy Cities Implementation in Indonesia: Challenges and Determinants of Successful Partnership Development at Local Government Level. Griffith University. https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/52

Palutturi, S., Muhammad, L., Rachmat, M., Abdul, J., & Woo, E. (2021). Principles and strategies for aisles communities empowerment in creating Makassar Healthy City , Indonesia. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35, S46–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.013

Palutturi, S., Saleh, L. M., Rachmat, M., et al. (2021). Principles and strategies for aisles communities empowerment in creating Makassar Healthy City, Indonesia. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35, S46–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.013

Park, S., Yoon, K., & Lee, M. (2021). Healthy City Project: An application of data envelopment analysis. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 4991–5003. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s325825

Pineda, V. S., & Corburn, J. (2020). Disability, Urban Health Equity, and the Coronavirus Pandemic: Promoting Cities for All. Journal of Urban Health, 97(3), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00437-7

Price, A., Langford, M., & Higgs, G. (2023). Quantifying disparities in access to recreational opportunities by alternative modes of transport. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 11, 100949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.100949

Richiedei, A., & Tira, M. (2020). Municipal Budget Management and the Generation of Urban Sprawl. A Case Study of the Lombardy Region (Italy). Planning Practice & Research, 35(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2020.1726132

Rifaid, R., Abdurrahman, A., Baharuddin, T., et al. (2023). Smart City Development in the New Capital City: Indonesian Government Plans. Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy, 4(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.46507/jcgpp.v4i2.141

Rifaid, R., Rachman, M. T., Baharuddin, T., et al. (2023). Public Trust: Indonesian Policy in Developing a New Capital City (IKN). Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v10i3.17681

Rusliadi, R., & Aina, A. N. (2024). Social Welfare Policy and Cross-Sectoral Participation: For Resilience Overcoming Stunting in Indonesia. Government & Resilience, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.62503/gr.v2i1.10

Santoso, M., Hopke, P. K., Damastuti, E., et al. (2022). The air quality of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: The impacts of forest fires on visibility. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 72(11), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2022.2077474

Sarkar, C., & Webster, C. (2017). Healthy Cities of Tomorrow: the Case for Large Scale Built Environment–Health Studies. Journal of Urban Health, 94(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0122-1

Secinaro, S., Brescia, V., Lanzalonga, F., et al. (2022). Smart city reporting: A bibliometric and structured literature review analysis to identify technological opportunities and challenges for sustainable development. Journal of Business Research, 149, 296–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.032

Seyoum, B., & Manyak, T. G. (2009). The impact of public and private sector transparency on foreign direct investment in developing countries. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 5(3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/17422040910974686

Shimamura, T., & Mizunoya, T. (2020). Sustainability Prediction Model for Capital City Relocation in Indonesia Based on Inclusive Wealth and System Dynamics. Sustainability, 12(10), 4336. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104336

Surya, B., Hamsina, H., Ridwan, R., et al. (2020). The Complexity of Space Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control in the Main Corridor of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sustainability, 12(21), 9244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219244

Townsend, N., Murphy, S., & Moore, L. (2011). The more schools do to promote healthy eating, the healthier the dietary choices by students. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 65(10), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.115600

Umami, A., Sukmana, H., Wikurendra, E. A., et al. (2022). A review on water management issues: potential and challenges in Indonesia. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00648-7

Vian, T. (2020). Anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in health: concepts, frameworks, and approaches. Global Health Action, 13(sup1), 1694744. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1694744

WHO. (2015). Healthy Cities: Good Health Is Good Politics. WHO.

WHO. (2020). Healthy cities effective approach to a rapidly changing world. WHO.

WHO. (2022). How can cities shape up_ Encouraging healthy diets and active lifestyles in urban environments. WHO.

WHO. (2023). Health Promotion. WHO.

Yan, D., Wu, S., Zhou, S., et al. (2021). Healthy city development for Chinese cities under dramatic imbalance: evidence from 258 cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, 103157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103157

Zakaria, I. (2024). Limited budget, piece-by-piece land acquisition at IKN – Prokal (Indonesian). Prokal.Co.

Zhou, H., He, S., Cai, Y., et al. (2019). Social inequalities in neighborhood visual walkability: Using street view imagery and deep learning technologies to facilitate healthy city planning. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101605