Coevolutionary dynamics in tropical peat ecosystems: A case study of Sumatra peatlands biosphere reserve

Muhamad Alkaf, Djoko Santoso Abi Suroso, Tubagus Furqon Sofhani

Article ID: 5955
Vol 8, Issue 10, 2024

VIEWS - 43 (Abstract) 11 (PDF)

Abstract


Tropical peat swamp is an essential ecosystem experiencing increased degradation over the past few decades. Therefore, this study used the social-ecological system (SES) perspective to explain the complex relationship between humans and nature in the Sumatran Peatlands Biosphere Reserve. The peat swamp forest has experienced a significant decline, followed by a significant increase in oil palm and forest plantations in areas designated for peat protection. Human systems have evolved to become complex and hierarchical, constituting individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions. Studies on SES conducted in the tropical peatlands of Asia have yet to address the co-evolutionary processes occurring in this region, which could illustrate the dynamic relationship between humans and nature. This study highlights the co-evolutionary processes occurring in the tropical peatland biosphere reserve and provides insights into their sustainability trajectory. Moreover, the coevolution process shows that biosphere reserve is shifting toward an unsustainable path. This is indicated by ongoing degradation in three zones and a lack of a comprehensive framework for landscape-scale water management. Implementing landscape-scale water management is essential to sustain the capacity of peatlands social-ecological systems facing disturbances, and it is important to maintain biodiversity. In addition, exploring alternative development pathways can help alter these trajectories toward sustainability.


Keywords


biosphere reserve; coevolution; degradation; social-ecological system; tropical peatland; water management

Full Text:

PDF


References


Afriyanie, D., Julian, M. M., Riqqi, A., et al. (2020). Re-framing urban green spaces planning for flood protection through socio-ecological resilience in Bandung City, Indonesia. Cities, 101(10), 102710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102710

Anda, M., Ritung, S., Suryani, E., et al. (2021). Geoderma Revisiting tropical peatlands in Indonesia: Semi-detailed mapping, extent and depth distribution assessment. Geoderma, 402, 115235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115235

Anderson, J. A. R. (1964). The Structure and Development of the Peat Swamp of Sarawak and Brunei. The Journal of Tropical Geography, 18.

Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Riau. (2017). Bukit Batu Wildlife Sanctuary. Available online: https://bbksda-riau.id/index.php?r=post&id01=4&id02=22&id03=46&token=460ca5c691fc591de6f363493449911f (accessed on 7 March 2024).

Bartold, M., & Kluczek, M. (2023). A Machine Learning Approach for Mapping Chlorophyll Fluorescence at Inland Wetlands. Remote Sensing, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092392

Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1994). Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Sciences New York, 52.

Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1998). Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. Linking Social and Ecological Systems, 1, 13–20.

Biggs, R., Clements, H., de Vos, A., et al. (2021). What are social-ecological systems and social-ecological systems research? In: Biggs R., de Vos A., Preiser R., et al. (editors). The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems. Routledge. pp. 1–494. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003021339

Binder, C. R., Hinkel, J., Bots, P. W. G., & Pahl-Wostl, C. (2013). Comparison of frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05551-180426

Birol, E., & Cox, V. (2007). Using choice experiments to design wetland management programmes: The case of Severn Estuary wetland, UK. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50(3), 363–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560701261661

Brockhaus, M., Obidzinski, K., Dermawan, A., et al. (2012). An overview of forest and land allocation policies in Indonesia: Is the current framework sufficient to meet the needs of REDD+? Forest Policy and Economics, 18, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.004

Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What? Ecosystems, 4(8), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9

Cobb, A. R., Dommain, R., Tan, F., et al. (2020). Carbon storage capacity of tropical peatlands in natural and artificial drainage networks. Environmental Research Letters, 15(11), 23–25. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba867

Cole, L. E. S., Åkesson, C. M., Hapsari, K. A., et al. (2022). Tropical peatlands in the anthropocene: Lessons from the past. Anthropocene, 37, 100324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2022.100324

Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., et al. (2012). Resilience: A Bridging Concept or a Dead End? “Reframing” Resilience: Challenges for Planning Theory and Practice Interacting Traps: Resilience Assessment of a Pasture Management System in Northern Afghanistan Urban Resilience: What Does it Mean in Planni. Planning Theory and Practice, 13(2), 299–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124

Della Bosca, H., & Gillespie, J. (2020). Bringing the swamp in from the periphery: Australian wetlands as sites of climate resilience and political agency. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 63(9), 1616–1632. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1679100

Dislich, C., Keyel, A. C., Salecker, J., et al. (2017). A review of the ecosystem functions in oil palm plantations, using forests as a reference system. Biological Reviews, 92(3), 1539–1569. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12295

Dohong, A., Aziz, A. A., & Dargusch, P. (2017). A review of the drivers of tropical peatland degradation in South-East Asia. Land Use Policy, 69, 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.035

Dommain, R., Couwenberg, J., & Joosten, H. (2010). Hydrological self-regulation of domed peatlands in south-east Asia and consequences for conservation and restoration. Mires & Peat, 6, 1–17.

Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A. V., et al. (2016). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08748-210341

Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., et al. (2010). Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03610-150420

Furukawa, Y., Inubushi, K., Ali, M., et al. (2005). Effect of changing groundwater levels caused by land-use changes on greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peat lands. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-5286-5

Grover, S., Treby, S., Mendham, D. S., et al. (2024). Social and Ecological Dimensions of Tropical Peatland Restoration. Mires and Peat, 30, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2023.OMB.Sc.2114019

Gunawan, H, Kobayashi, S., Mizuno, K., & Kono, Y. (2012). Peat swamp forest types and their regeneration in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, Riau, East Sumatra, Indonesia. Mires and Peat, 10, 1–17.

Gunawan, H., Kobayashi, S., Mizuno, K., et al. (2016). Sustainable Management Model for Peatland Ecosystems in the Riau, Sumatra. In: Osaki, M., Tsuji, N. (editors). Tropical Peatland Ecosystem Springer.

Haider, L. J., Schlüter, M., Folke, C., & Reyers, B. (2021). Rethinking resilience and development: A coevolutionary perspective. Ambio, 50(7), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01485-8

Hapsari, K. A., Biagioni, S., Jennerjahn, T. C., et al. (2018). Resilience of a peatland in Central Sumatra, Indonesia to past anthropogenic disturbance: Improving conservation and restoration designs using palaeoecology. Journal of Ecology, 106(6), 2473–2490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13000

Haraguchi, A. (2016). Discharged Sulfuric Acid from Peatland to River System. In: Osaki, M., & Tsuji, N. (editors). Tropical Peatland Ecosystem. Springer.

Helmy, F., Osaki, M., Hirose, K., et al. (2012). Peatland Definition: From Uncertainty to Certainty. Available online: https://issuu.com/i_c_c_c/docs/pm01_082012_en/32 (accessed on 8 March 2024).

Hergoualc’h, K., Carmenta, R., Atmadja, S., et al. (2018). Managing peatlands in Indonesia: Challenges and opportunities for local and global communities. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry (ICRAF). p. 205. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006449

Januar, R., Sari, E. N. N., & Putra, S. (2021). Dynamics of local governance: The case of peatland restoration in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 102, 105270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105270

Jarvie, J., Jeyaraj, K., Hardiono, M., et al. (2003). A High Conservation Value Forest Analysis of the Giam Siak Kecil Landscape‚ ÄìRiau, Sumatra. A Report to WWF International.

Joosten, H., & Clarke, D. (2002). Wise use of mires and peatlands -Background and principles including a framework for decision-making. Available online: http://www.gret-perg.ulaval.ca/fileadmin/fichiers/fichiersGRET/pdf/Doc_generale/WUMP_Wise_Use_of_Mires_and_Peatlands_book.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2024).

Joosten, H. (2009). The Global Peatland CO2 Picture. Africa. p. 11.

Komulainen, V. M., Tuittila, E. S., Vasander, H., & Laine, J. (1999). Restoration of drained peatlands in southern Finland: Initial effects on vegetation change and CO2 balance. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36(5), 634–648. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00430.x

Kuuluvainen, T. T., Tukia, H., Aapala, K. (2004). Ecological restoration of forested ecosystems in Finland. In: Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests. CRC press.

Medrilzam, M., Dargusch, P., Herbohn, J., & Smith, C. (2014). The socio-ecological drivers of forest degradation in part of the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forestry, 87(2), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpt033

Miettinen, J., Hooijer, A., Wang, J., et al. (2012). Peatland degradation and conversion sequences and interrelations in Sumatra. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0290-9

Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2011). Two decades of destruction in Southeast Asia’s peat swamp forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10(3), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1890/100236

Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2016). Land cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Global Ecology and Conservation, 6, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.004

Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2017). Fire Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with Special Emphasis on Peatland Fires. Environmental Management, 60(4), 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0911-7

Minasny, B., Berglund, Ö., Connolly, J., et al. (2019). Earth-Science Reviews Digital mapping of peatlands – A critical review. Earth-Science Reviews, 196, 102870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.014

MoEF. (2024). Hotspot Distribution Hotspot Data Information (Indonesian). Available online: https://sipongi.menlhk.go.id/sebaran-titik-panas (accessed on 21 June 2024).

Nursyamsi, D., Noor, M., & Maftu’ah, E. (2016). Peatland Management for Sustainable Agriculture. In: Osaki, M., & Tsuji, N. (editors). Tropical Peatland Ecosystem. Springer. pp. 493–511.

Omar, M. S., Ifandi, E., Sukri, R. S., et al. (2022). Peatlands in Southeast Asia: A comprehensive geological review. Earth-Science Reviews, 232, 104149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104149

Osaki, M., Hirose, K., Segah, H., & Helmy, F. (2016). Tropical Peat and Peatland Definition in Indonesia. In: Osaki, M., & Tsuji, N. (editors). Tropical Peatland Ecosystems. Springer. pp. 137–147.

Page, S. E., & Hooijer, A. (2016). In the line of fire: the peatlands of Southeast Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 20150176. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0176

Pertiwi, N., Tsusaka, T. W., Nguyen, T. P. L., et al. (2022). Nature-based Carbon Pricing of Full Ecosystem Services for Peatland Conservation—A Case Study in Riau Province, Indonesia. Nature-Based Solutions, 2, 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100023

Prananto, J. A., Minasny, B., Comeau, L., et al. (2020). Drainage increases CO2 and N2O emissions from tropical peat soils. Global Change Biology, 26(8), 4583–4600. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15147

Preiser, R., Biggs, R., De Vos, A., et al. (2018). Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems: organizing principles for advancing research methods and approaches. Ecology and Society, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-10558-230446

Preiser, R., Schlüter, M., Biggs, R., et al. (2021). Complexity-based social-ecological systems research: philosophical foundations and practical implications. In: The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems. Routledge. pp. 27–46. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003021339-3

Purnomo, H., Shantiko, B., Sitorus, S., et al. (2017). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.001

Qomar, N., Basuni, S., Soekmadi, R., et al. (2016). Local Institution in Utilization of the Water Resources of The Giam Siak Kecil—Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, in Riau, Indonesia. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 32(2), 421. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v32i2.1862

Rieley, J., & Page, S. (2016). Tropical peatland of the world. In: Osaki, M., & Tsuji, N. (editors). Tropical Peatland Ecosystems. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_1

Rydin, H., & Jeglum, J. K. (2013). The Biology of Peatlands, 2nd ed. OUP Oxford.

Scholz, R. W., & Binder, C. R. (2003). Principles of Human-Environment Systems (HES) Research. In: Transactions of the 2nd Biennial Meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society. Brigham Young University. pp. 791-796.

Schoon, M., & van der Leeuw, S. (2015). About nature/society relationships—The shift toward social-ecological systems perspectives: insights into the human-nature relationship (French). Natures Sciences Sociétés, 23(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2015034

Suroso, D. S. A., & Kombaitan, B. (2018). Social-ecological resilience for the spatial planning process using a system dynamics model: Case study of Northern Bandung area, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 10(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijssoc.2018.092650

Takada, M., Shimada, S., & Takahashi, H. (2016). Tropical Peat Formation. In: Osaki, M., & Tsuji, N. (editors). Tropical Peatland Ecosystem. Springer. pp. 127–136.

The Resilience Alliance. (2010). Assessing resilience in social-ecological systems: Workbook for practitioners. Available online: http://www.resalliance.org/3871.php (accessed on 9 March 2024).

Tirtosudarmo, R. (2021). From Colonization to Nation-State. In: From Colonization to Nation-State. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6437-3

UNESCO. (1996). Biosphere reserves: The Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(1), 21.

UNESCO. (2019). Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia. Available online: https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/giam-siak-kecil-bukit-batu (accessed on 9 March 2024).

Urák, I., Hartel, T., Gallé, R., & Balog, A. (2017). Worldwide peatland degradations and the related carbon dioxide emissions: the importance of policy regulations. Environmental Science and Policy, 69, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.012

Wahyunto, Dariah, A., Agus, F., & Cheng, Z. S. (2010). Distribution, properties, and carbon stock of Indonesian peatland. Available online: https://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/archive/niaes/marco/bogor2010/proceedings/14.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2024).

Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205

Wösten, J. H. M., Clymans, E., Page, S. E., et al. (2008). Peat-water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia. Catena, 73(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.07.010




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i10.5955

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Muhamad Alkaf, Djoko Santoso Abi Suroso, Tubagus Furqon Sofhani

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.