sustainable economy; post-COVID-19; government policies; stakeholder engagement; Malaysia; resilience; sectoral analysis

ADB. (2023). Renewable Energy Manufacturing: Opportunities for Southeast Asia, Asian Development Bank, 24 August 2023. Available online: https://www.seforall.org/publications/renewable-energy-manufacturing-opportunities-for-southeast-asia (accessed on 1 April 2024). Alhammadi, S. (2024). Islamic finance as a driver for enhancing economic sustainability and innovation in the GCC. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-11-2023-0206. Altig, D., Baker, S., Barrero, J. M., et al. (2020). Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of public economics, 191, 104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104274 Alves-Passoni, P., & Neria, A. B. (2022). Determinants of Growth in Mexico and Brazil Between 2003 and 2018: A Demand-led Decomposition of Growth Using Input-output Tables. Review of Political Economy, 35(3), 670–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2022.2150437 Alwan, S. Y., Hu, Y., Al Asbahi, A. A. M. H., et al. (2023). Sustainable and resilient e-commerce under COVID-19 pandemic: a hybrid grey decision-making approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(16), 47328–47348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25456-0 Amin, F., & Annamalah, S. (2013). An evaluation of Malaysian capital controls. Journal of Economic Studies, 40(4), 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2011-0099 Annamalah, S. (2009). The Functions of the Sub-Prime Finance Market and Its Potential in the Malaysian Economy. Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1401109 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1401109 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1401109 (accessed on 1 April 2024). Annamalah, S., Munusamy, J., & Sentosa, I. (2016a). Agro tourism: a cash crop for farmers in Malaysian rural area. Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2876269 (accessed on 1 April 2024). Annamalah, S., Munusamy, J., & Sentosa, I. (2016b). Middle Income Trap Economies, the Way Forward in Malaysia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2876260 Annamalah, S., Raman, M., Marthandan, G., & Logeswaran, A. K. (2020). Embracing technology and propelling SMEs through open innovation transformation. International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, 10(4), 95–122. https://journalfirm.com/journal/242 Bikar, S. S., Talin, R., Rathakrishnan, B., et al. (2023). Sustainability of Graduate Employability in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Initiatives by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education and Universities. Sustainability, 15(18), 13536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813536 Briones, J., Wang, Y., Prawjaeng, J., et al. (2022). A data-driven analysis of the economic cost of non-pharmaceutical interventions: A cross-country comparison of Kenya, Singapore, and Thailand. International journal of public health, 67, 1604854. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604854 Cheang, B. (2024). What can industrial policy do? Evidence from Singapore. The Review of Austrian Economics, 37(1), 1–34 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-022-00589-6 Chee, S. Y., Tan, M. L., Tew, Y. L., et al. (2023). Between the devil and the deep blue sea: Trends, drivers, and impacts of coastal reclamation in Malaysia and way forward. Science of The Total Environment, 858, 159889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159889 Chuweni, N. N., Fauzi, N. S., Che Kasim, A., et al. (2024). Assessing the effect of housing attributes and green certification on Malaysian house price. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-10-2023-0145 D’Orazio, P. (2024). Charting the complexities of a post-COVID energy transition: emerging research frontiers for a sustainable future. Energy Research & Social Science, 108, 103365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103365 Devadas, S., Guzman, J., Eun Kim, Y., et al. (2020). Malaysia’s economic growth and transition to high income: An Application of the World Bank Long Term Growth Model (LTGM). Available online: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/844761592242576533/pdf/Malaysias-Economic-Growth-and-Transition-to-High-Income-An-Application-of-the-World-Bank-Long-Term-Growth-Model-LTGM.pdf https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9278 (accessed on 1 April 2024). Dhrifi, A., Alnahdi, S., & Jaziri, R. (2021). The causal links among economic growth, education and health: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(3), 1477–1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00678-6 DOSM. (2022). COVID-19 Malaysia, Department of Statistics Malaysia. Available online: https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/article/covid-19 (accessed on 20 August 2023). Eichengreen, B., Lim, W., Park, Y. C., & Perkins, D. H. (2015). The Korean economy: from a miraculous past to a sustainable future. Harvard University Press. Filippini, M., Leippold, M., & Wekhof, T. (2024). Sustainable finance literacy and the determinants of sustainable investing. Journal of Banking & Finance, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2024.107167 Garcia-Rio, E., Palos-Sanchez, P. R., Baena-Luna, P., & Aguayo-Camacho, M. (2023). Different approaches to analyzing e-government adoption during the Covid-19 pandemic. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4), 101866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101866 Ge, D. (2019). Society: Justice, Inclusiveness, Safety and Harmony. In: The Chinese Dream and Zhejiang’s Practice—General Report Volume. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. pp. 157–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7395-4_5 Giupponi, G., Joyce, R., Lindner, A., et al. (2024). The employment and distributional impacts of nationwide minimum wage changes. Journal of Labor Economics, 42(S1), 293–333. https://doi.org/10.1086/728471 Götz, M. (2021). Cluster role in industry 4.0-a pilot study from Germany. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 31(1), 54–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2019-0091 Hashim, J. H., Adman, M. A., Hashim, Z., et al. (2021). COVID-19 epidemic in Malaysia: epidemic progression, challenges, and response. Frontiers in public health, 9, 560592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.560592 Herrador, M., & Van, M. L. (2024). Circular economy strategies in the ASEAN region: A comparative study. Science of the Total Environment, 908, 168280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168280 Hong, P. H. (2023). Governing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Shifting Capacity under a Fragmented Political Leadership. Pacific Affairs, 96(3), 469–491. https://doi.org/10.5509/2023963469 Hu, X., Li, L., & Dong, K. (2022). What matters for regional economic resilience amid COVID-19? Evidence from cities in Northeast China. Cities (London, England), 120, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103440 Ibn-Mohammed, T., Mustapha, K. B., Godsell, J., et al. (2021). A critical analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and ecosystems and opportunities for circular economy strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, 105169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105169 IMF. (2020). International Monetary Fund. Available online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513531946.002 (accessed on 7 April 2024). Islam, A., & Wahab, S. A. (2021). The intervention of strategic innovation practices in between regulations and sustainable business growth: a holistic perspective for Malaysian SMEs. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(3), 396–421. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-04-2020-0035 Jomthanachai, S., Wong, W. P., Soh, K. L., & Lim, C. P. (2022). A global trade supply chain vulnerability in COVID-19 pandemic: An assessment metric of risk and resilience-based efficiency of CoDEA method. Research in Transportation Economics, 93, 101166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101166 Kaftan, V., Kandalov, W., Molodtsov, I., et al. (2023). Socio-economic stability and sustainable development in the post-COVID era: lessons for the business and economic leaders. Sustainability, 15(4), 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042876 Kang, A. S., & Arikrishnan, S. (2024). Sustainability reporting and total quality management post-pandemic: the role of environmental, social, governance (ESG), and smart technology adoption. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2022-0080 Khurana, I., Dutta, D. K., & Ghura, A. S. (2022). SMEs and digital transformation during a crisis: The emergence of resilience as a second-order dynamic capability in an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Journal of Business Research, 150, 623–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.048 Kouskoura, A., Kalliontzi, E., Skalkos, D., & Bakouros, I. (2024). Assessing the Key Factors Measuring Regional Competitiveness. Sustainability, 16(6), 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062574 Kumar, P. (2021). Malaysia’s GDP shrinks 5.6% in Covid-marred 2020. Available online: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Malaysia-s-GDP-shrinks-5.6-in-COVID-marred-2020#:~:text=KUALA%20LUMPUR%20%2D%2D%20Malaysia’s%20economy,central%20bank%20announced%20on%20Thursday (accessed on 1 April 2024). Kurniawan, T. A., Othman, M. H. D., Liang, X., et al. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for biochar to promote circular economy and carbon neutrality. Journal of environmental management, 332, 117429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429 Kutnjak, A. (2021). Covid-19 accelerates digital transformation in industries: Challenges, issues, barriers and problems in transformation. IEEE access, 9, 79373–79388. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3084801 Lauri, C., Shimpo, F., & Sokołowski, M. M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and robotics on the frontlines of the pandemic response: the regulatory models for technology adoption and the development of resilient organisations in smart cities. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 14(11), 14753–14764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-023-04556-2 Lim, T. C., Phua, L. K., Teh, S. Y., & Lok, C. L. (2021). Effectiveness of the COVID-19 economic stimulus packages: Viewpoints from Malaysian young entrepreneurs. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(4). https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i4.4569 Liu, Y., Li, Y., Jiang, F., & Yin, S. (2024). Diversifying natural resources for green recovery in China: Strategies and solutions. Resources Policy, 88, 104399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104399 Martin, R. (2012). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019 Martínez-Peláez, R., Ochoa-Brust, A., Rivera, S., et al. (2023). Role of digital transformation for achieving sustainability: mediated role of stakeholders, key capabilities, and technology. Sustainability, 15(14), 11221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411221 Menhat, M., Zaideen, I. M. M., Yusuf, Y., et al. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic: A review on maritime sectors in Malaysia. Ocean & coastal management, 209, 105638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105638 MOF. (2021). Economic Outlook 2022. Available online: https://belanjawan.mof.gov.my//pdf/2022/economy/economy-2022.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2024). MOF. (2024). Economic Outlook-Budget 2024. Available online: https://belanjawan.mof.gov.my/pdf/belanjawan2024/economy/economy-2024.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2024). Mordhorst, L., & Jenert, T. (2023). Curricular integration of academic and vocational education: a theory-based empirical typology of dual study programmes in Germany. Higher Education, 85(6), 1257–1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00889-7 Moy, N., Antonini, M., Kyhlstedt, M., et al. (2023). Standardising policy and technology responses in the immediate aftermath of a pandemic: a comparative and conceptual framework. Health Research Policy and Systems, 21(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-022-00951-x Naidu, L., & Moorthy, R. (2021). A review of key sustainability issues in Malaysian palm oil industry. Sustainability, 13(19), 10839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910839 Ngu, H. J., Lee, M. D., & Osman, M. S. B. (2020). Review on current challenges and future opportunities in Malaysia sustainable manufacturing: Remanufacturing industries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 273, 123071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123071 Nishant, R., Kennedy, M., & Corbett, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence for sustainability: Challenges, opportunities, and a research agenda. International Journal of Information Management, 53, 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102104 OECD. (2018). OECD due diligence guidance for responsible business conduct. Available online: https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/OECD-Due-Diligence-Guidance-for-Responsible-Business-Conduct.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2024). OECD. (2020). Covid-19 crisis response in ASEAN member states. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-response-in-asean-member-states-02f828a2/ (accessed on 1 April 2024). Osathanunkul, R., Dumrong, P., Yamaka, W., & Maneejuk, P. (2023). The nonlinear impacts of aging labor and government health expenditures on productivity in ASEAN+ 3 economies. Economic Analysis and Policy, 80, 450–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.08.021 Parenteau, A. M., Boyer, C. J., Campos, L. J., et al. (2023). A review of mental health disparities during COVID-19: Evidence, mechanisms, and policy recommendations for promoting societal resilience. Development and Psychopathology, 35(4), 1821–1842. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422000499 Park, C. Y. (2024). Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economic Integration: Addressing Challenges and Embracing Opportunities. Asian Economic Policy Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12462 Popescu, C. R. G. (2020). Sustainability assessment: does the OECD/G20 inclusive framework for BEPS (base erosion and profit shifting project) put an end to disputes over the recognition and measurement of intellectual capital? Sustainability, 12(23), 10004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310004 Popescu, C. R. G., & Popescu, G. N. (2019). An exploratory study based on a questionnaire concerning green and sustainable finance, corporate social responsibility, and performance: Evidence from the Romanian business environment. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(4), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12040162 Raihan, A., Voumik, L. C., Ridwan, M., et al. (2023). From growth to green: navigating the complexities of economic development, energy sources, health spending, and carbon emissions in Malaysia. Energy Reports, 10, 4318–4331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.10.084 Rangsungnoen, G., Sroypetch, S., & Caldicott, R. W. (2024). Extending the Baldrige excellence model for managing community-based social enterprise. Social Enterprise Journal, 20(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-01-2023-0001 Rasit, Z. A., Ramli, A., & Reniati, R. (2023). Recovery strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: empirical evidence of the Malaysian hotel industry. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 15(3), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEM.2023.132200 Rizomyliotis, I. (2024). Consumer Trust and Online Purchase Intention for Sustainable Products. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241236174 Schmitt, M. (2023). Securing the Digital World: Protecting smart infrastructures and digital industries with Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled malware and intrusion detection. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 36(1), 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2023.100520 Shah, A. U. M., Safri, S. N. A., Thevadas, R., et al. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia: Actions taken by the Malaysian government. International journal of infectious diseases, 97, 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.093 Sharif, A., Kocak, S., Khan, H. H. A., et al. (2023). Demystifying the links between green technology innovation, economic growth, and environmental tax in ASEAN-6 countries: The dynamic role of green energy and green investment. Gondwana Research, 115, 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.11.010 Sheng, J., Amankwah‐Amoah, J., Khan, Z., & Wang, X. (2021). COVID‐19 pandemic in the new era of big data analytics: Methodological innovations and future research directions. British Journal of Management, 32(4), 1164–1183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12441 Sletten, S., Wangen Jonasmo, K., & Solheim, M. C. (2023). Changing industrial trajectories through business model innovation: a case study of the oil and gas industry in Norway. European Planning Studies, 31(7), 1555–1574. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2023.2185503 Šťastná, S., Ženka, J., & Krtička, L. (2024). Regional economic resilience: insights from five crises. European Planning Studies, 32(3), 506–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2023.2267250 Sundram, P., & Brennan, C. S. (2024). Triumphs, trials and tomorrow in food security: an ASEAN outlook. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 59(4), 2079–2087. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16899 Sutton, J., Cleave, E., Casey Sadler, R., et al. (2024). Working in the Crisis: Practitioners’ perceptions of and responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Urban Affairs Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874241241232 The Star. (2019). Malaysia’s inflation to average between 1.6% to 2% in 2019. Available online: https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2019/02/01/malaysias-inflation-to-average-between-1pt6-to-2pct-in-2019 (accessed on 1 April 2024). Torabi, Z. A., Rezvani, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Allam, Z. (2023). On the post-pandemic travel boom: How capacity building and smart tourism technologies in rural areas can help-evidence from Iran. Technological forecasting and social change, 193, 122633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122633 Uneke, C. J., Sombie, I., Johnson, E., et al. (2020). Promoting the use of evidence in health policymaking in the ECOWAS region: the development and contextualization of an evidence-based policymaking guidance. Globalization and health, 16, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00605-z van Niekerk, A. J. (2020). Inclusive economic sustainability: SDGs and global inequality. Sustainability, 12(13), 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135427 Wasserman, D., Iosue, M., Wuestefeld, A., & Carli, V. (2020). Adaptation of evidence‐based suicide prevention strategies during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. World psychiatry, 19(3), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20801 World Bank. (2023). CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)-East Asia & Pacific. Available online: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=Z4 (accessed on 1 April 2024). Wuyts, W. (2024). The weed, asbestos pipe and disposable tree: unmuting multispecies Flemish and Norwegian circular site stories for diverse circular economies. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae009 Yang, H., Feng, Q., Yu, W., & Lyu, J. (2024). Exploring the interplay of resource utilization, human capital, and FDI in enhancing national well-being: Evidence from OECD countries. Resources Policy, 90, 104684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104684 Yin, S. L., & Wan Usamah, W. A. (2022). The Malaysian Economy and COVID-19: Policies and Responses from January 2020–April 2021. Available online: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/BRI-Project_RP30_en.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2024). Yuhertiana, I., Zakaria, M., Suhartini, D., & Sukiswo, H. W. (2022). Cooperative resilience during the pandemic: Indonesia and Malaysia evidence. Sustainability, 14(10), 5839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105839 Zhang, S., Ramzan, M., Awosusi, A. A., et al. (2024). Unraveling causal dynamics: Exploring resource efficiency and biomass utilization in Malaysia’s context. Renewable Energy, 226(C), 120368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120368 Zheng, L., Hou, W., & Huang, M. (2024). Impact of health investment on household income distribution: insights from China’s longitudinal survey data. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1346133 Zhou, P., Abbas, J., Najam, H., & Alvarez-Otero, S. (2023). Nexus of renewable energy output, green technological innovation, and financial development for carbon neutrality of Asian emerging economies. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 58(40), 103371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103371