Entrepreneurial intentions, considered to be the best predictor of entrepreneurial behaviour, have attracted extensive attention among academics, practitioners, and policymakers. This study examines the mediating role of the theory of planned behaviour between university students’ proactive personality, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial opportunities, and entrepreneurial intentions. The results of this study showed that both attitudes toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control mediated these relationships, except that perceived behavioural control did not mediate the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions, and subject norm did not mediate any relationship. Lastly, this study guides universities, policymakers and practitioners to fully focus on developing attitude entrepreneurship and perceived behaviour control through education and training among graduates and employees. Suppose there is a presence of good entrepreneurial opportunities. In that case, they will form stronger intentions to start new businesses and expand their businesses to drive socio-economic growth, innovation and job creation among graduates.

Abdulghaffar, N. A., & Akkad, G. S. (2021). Internal and external barriers to entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. Digest of Middle East Studies, 30(2), 116–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12231

Ács, Z. J., Szerb, L., Lafuente, E., et al. (2018). The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX). Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 5(5), 341–435. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000027

Adelaja, A. A. (2021). Entrepreneurial Education Exposure: A Comparative Investigation between Technical and Nontechnical Higher Education. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(5), 711–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-12-2020-0429/FULL/HTML

Adu, I. N., Boakye, K. O., Suleman, A. R., et al. (2020). Exploring the factors that mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students in Ghana. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-07-2019-0052

Aguirre-Urreta, M. I., & Hu, J. (2019). Detecting Common Method Bias. ACM SIGMIS Database: The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 50(2), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1145/3330472.3330477

Ahmed, T., Klobas, J. E., & Ramayah, T. (2021). Personality Traits, Demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Improved Understanding from a Moderated Mediation Study. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2017-0062

Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self‐Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x

Alkahtani, A., Nordin, N., & Khan, R. U. (2020). Does the government support enhancing the relationship between networking structure and sustainable competitive performance among SMEs? Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9, 1-16.

Alam, M. Z., Kousar, S., & Rehman, Ch. A. (2019). Role of entrepreneurial motivation on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour: theory of planned behaviour extension on engineering students in Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0175-1

Alon, I., & Shneor, R. (2017). More than makeup: How Atsoko overcame the challenges of entrepreneurship in Tanzania. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36(6), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21811

Altawallbeh, M., Soon, F., Thiam, W., et al. (2015). Mediating Role of Attitude, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioural Control in the Relationships between Their Respective Salient Beliefs and Behavioural Intention to Adopt e-Learning among Instructors in Jordanian Universities. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(11), 152–60.

Altinay, L., Kromidha, E., Nurmagambetova, A., et al. (2019). A Social Cognition Perspective on Entrepreneurial Personality Traits and Intentions to Start a Business: Does Creativity Matter? Management Decision, 60(6), 1606–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2020-1592/FULL/XML

Arkorful, H., & Hilton, S. K. (2021). Locus of control and entrepreneurial intention: a study in a developing economy. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 38(2), 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-04-2020-0051

Arshad, M., Omer, F., Sadia, A. (2018). The Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Developing a Passion for Business. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 38(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4503-7.ch052

Asghar, M. Z., Gul, F., Seitamaa Hakkarainen, P., et al. (2019). Validating Entrepreneurial Intentions Questionnaire to Assess the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education. TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM. https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2019.6105

Awang, A., Shazwani, A., Mohamad, N., et al. (2016). Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation Impact on Entrepreneurial Intention: Intervening Effect of PBC and Subjective Norm. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economics, 4(42), 94–129.

Ayodele, T. O., Babalola, M. O., Kajimo-Shakantu, K., et al. (2021). Entrepreneurial intentions of real estate students: an ordinal analysis of the predictors. Journal of Facilities Management, 19(1), 53–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfm-07-2020-0048

Balder, N., Harcharanjit, S., Abu Mansor, N. N., et al. (2020). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Attitude, Subjective Norm and Self-Efficacy among Undergraduates. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 7(10), 108–16. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2020.10.012

Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Brío-González, J. del. (2022). The entrepreneurial intention of university students: An environmental perspective. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(2), 100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100184

Barlett, C. P. (2019). Social Psychology Theory Extensions. Predicting Cyberbullying, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816653-6.00005-4

Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202

Bazan, C., Datta, A., Gaultois, H., et al. (2019). Effect Of the University in The Entrepreneurial Intention of Female Students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.37335/ijek.v7i2.95

Bazkiaei, H. A., Heng, L. H., Khan, N. U., et al. (2020). Do entrepreneurial education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among universities students? Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1801217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1801217

Bazkiaei, H. A., Khan, N. U., Irshad, A. R., et al. (2021). Pathways toward entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian universities’ students. Business Process Management Journal, 27(4), 1009–1032. https://doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-01-2021-0021

Bhatta, D. D., Pi, Y., Sarfraz, M., et al. (2024). What determines the entrepreneurial intentions of employees? A moderated mediation model of entrepreneurial motivation and innovate work behavior. Heliyon, 10(2), e24678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24678

Bouarir, H., Diani, A., Boubker, O., et al. (2023). Key Determinants of Women’s Entrepreneurial Intention and Behavior: The Role of Business Opportunity Recognition and Need for Achievement. Administrative Sciences, 13(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13020033

Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E. (1992). The Founder’s Self-Assessed Competence and Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 223–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(92)90028-P

Chin, W. W. (2010). How to Write Up and Report PLS Analyses. In: Handbook of Partial Least Squares. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 655–90.

Claes, R., Beheydt, C., & Lemmens, B. (2005). Unidimensionality of Abbreviated Proactive Personality Scales across Cultures. Applied Psychology, 54(4), 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00221.x

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cortina, J. M. (1994). What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98

Crant, J. M. (1996). The Proactive Personality Scale as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 8–42. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.2.205.83

Delle, E., Amadu, I. M. (2015). Proactive Personality and Entrepreneurial Intention: Employment Status and Student Level as Moderators. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 1(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.

Díaz-Casero, J. C., Hernández-Mogollón, R., & Roldán, J. L. (2012). A structural model of the antecedents to entrepreneurial capacity. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 30(8), 850–872. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610385263

Dinc, M. S., & Budic, S. (2016). The Impact of Personal Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Women. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 9(17), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2016.017.02

Donaldson, S. I., & Grant-vallone, E. J. (2002). Understanding Self-Report Bias in Organisational Research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(2), 245–60.

Droms, C., & Cracium, G. (2014). The Impact of Attitudinal Ambivalence on Weight Loss Decisions: Consequences and Mitigating Factors. Scholarship and Professional Work-Business, 111.

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). (2020). Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Trends 2020/2021, Foreign Direct Investment Trends and Outlook in Asia and the Pacific. ESCAP.

Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Pratt, S., et al. (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045

Fagbemi, F., & Osinubi, T. T. (2020). Leveraging foreign direct investment for sustainability: An approach to sustainable human development in Nigeria. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 2, 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2020.100005

Farrukh, M., Khan, A. A., Shahid Khan, M., et al. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions: the role of family factors, personality traits and self-efficacy. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(4), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-03-2017-0018

Farsi, J. Y., Arabiun, A., & Moradi, M. (2012). The Impact of Opportunity Recognition Skills Training on Entrepreneurial Intention of Female Nursing Students. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 2(4), 96–113.

Fayolle, A., & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.024

Ferreira, J. J., Raposo, M. L., Gouveia Rodrigues, R., et al. (2012). A model of entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(3), 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211250144

Fini, R., Rosa G., Gian L. M., et al. (2009). The Foundation of Entrepreneurial Intention. In: Proceedings of the Summer Conference 2009 on Copenhagen Business School. pp. 1–36.

GEDI. (2021). Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Is It an Illusion? The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute.

Geissler, M., Zanger, C. (2003). Factors on the Perception of Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Their Influence on Entrepreneurial Intention—an Empirical Study. In: International Council for Small Business ICSB World Conference Proceedings. International Council for Small Business (ICSB).

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., et al. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. In: Classroom Companion: Business. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7

Hair, J. F., Marko, S., Lucas, H., et al. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): An Emerging Tool in Business Research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/mtp1069-6679190202

Hardin-Fanning, F., Ricks, J. M. (2017). Attitudes, Social Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control Factors Influencing Participation in a Cooking Skills Program in Rural Central Appalachia Frances. Glob Health Promot, 176(3), 139–48. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.014.CagY

Harima, A., Gießelmann, J., Göttsch, V., et al. (2021). Entrepreneurship? Let us do it later: procrastination in the intention–behavior gap of student entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(5), 1189–1213. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-09-2020-0665

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., Cardella, G. M., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Psychological Factors that Lessen the Impact of COVID-19 on the Self-Employment Intention of Business Administration and Economics’ Students from Latin America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155293

Hmieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2006). Proclivity for Improvisation as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2006.00153.x

Hu, R., Wang, L., Zhang, W., et al. (2018). Creativity, Proactive Personality, and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Entrepreneurial Alertness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00951

Hui-Chen, C., Kuen-Hung, T., & Chen, Y. P. (2014). The entrepreneurial process: an integrated model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(4), 727–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0305-8

Hunt, S. D., Sparkman, R. D., & Wilcox, J. B. (1982). The Pretest in Survey Research: Issues and Preliminary Findings. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(2), 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437820190021

Jarvis, L. C. (2016). Identification, intentions and entrepreneurial opportunities: an integrative process model. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(2), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2015-0041

Ji, H., Goo, J. (2021). Pre-Entrepreneurs’ Perception of the Technology Regime and Their Entrepreneurial Intentions in Korean Service Sectors. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030179

Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J. A., Lans, T., et al. (2016). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: A Study of Iranian Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions and Opportunity Identification. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12137

Karimi, S., Harm Biekmans, J. A., Karim, N. M., et al. (2017). Testing the Relationship between Personality Characteristics, Contextual Factors and Entrepreneurial Intentions in a Developing Country. International Journal of Psychology, 52(3), 227–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop

Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056

Klein, E. J. (2008). Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning: Lessons from One School’s Approach to Creating and Sustaining Learning Communities. Teacher Education Quarterly Winter, 200(1), 79–98.

Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302

Krishnan, C. S. N., Ganesh, L. S., & Rajendran, C. (2022). Entrepreneurial Interventions for crisis management: Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic’s impact on entrepreneurial ventures. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 72, 102830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102830

Krueger, N. F. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions Are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. In: Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind. Springer.

Kumar, R., & Shukla, S. (2019). Creativity, Proactive Personality and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Examining the Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy. Global Business Review, 23(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919844395

Kumilachew Aga, M., Amanpreet, S. (2022). The Role of Entrepreneurship Education on Student Entrepreneurial Intentions: Mediating Effect of Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control. Journal of Business and Management, 28(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.6347/JBM.202203

Latimer, A. E., & Martin Ginis, K. A. (2005). The importance of subjective norms for people who care what others think of them. Psychology & Health, 20(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440412331300002

Lestari, E. D., Kusuma, H. S., & Marlim, W. F. (2021). Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Effect of Proactive Personality in Perspective of Planned Behavior Theory as an integrated approach in the Indonesian Context. Conference Series, 3(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.34306/conferenceseries.v3i2.572

Li, S. N., Ann Dodor, S. F. A., & Akolgo. (2018). An Investigation of the Relationship between Proactive Personality and Entrepreneurial Intentions Using PLS-SEM among Potential Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Walia Journal, 34(1), 120–31.

Liao, Y., Nguyen, V. H. A., Chi, H., et al. (2022). Unraveling the direct and indirect effects of entrepreneurial education and mindset on entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of entrepreneurial passion. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(3), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22151

Lim, W. L., Mohar, Y., & Leilanie, M. N. (2017). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Alertness on Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students in Malaysia: Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 12(6), 1409–18. https://doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2017.1409.1418

Lin, Y. C., Liu, G. Y., Chang, C. Y., et al. (2021). Perceived Behavioral Control as a Mediator between Attitudes and Intentions toward Marine Responsible Environmental Behavior. Water, 13(5), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050580

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x

Lopes, J. M., Suchek, N., & Gomes, S. (2023). The antecedents of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions: An exploratory study of Angolan higher education students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 391, 136236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136236

Mahendra, A. M., Djatmika, E. T., & Hermawan, A. (2017). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intention Mediated by Motivation and Attitude among Management Students, State University of Malang, Indonesia. International Education Studies, 10(9), 61. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n9p61

Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L., & Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2023). Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: a systematic review (2005–2022) for future directions in theory and practice. Management Review Quarterly, 73(4), 1903–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00289-2

Mai, N. K., Nguyen, H. A. (2016). The Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention of the Students of Vietnam National University—A Mediation Analysis of Perception toward Entrepreneurship. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(2), 104–11. https://doi.org/10.7763/joebm.2016.v4.375

Mamun, A. A., Nawi, N. B. C., Mohiuddin, M., et al. (2017). Entrepreneurial intention and startup preparation: A study among business students in Malaysia. Journal of Education for Business, 92(6), 296–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2017.1365682

Manstead, A. S. (2012). Distinguishing between Perceived Behavioral Control and Self-Efficacy in the Domain of Academic Intentions and Behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(3), 75–93.

Martín-Navarro, A., Medina-Garrido, J. A., & Velicia-Martín, F. (2021). How effectual will you be? Development and validation of a scale in higher education. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 100547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100547

Martín-Navarro, A., Velicia-Martín, F., Medina-Garrido, J. A., et al. (2023). Impact of effectual propensity on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 157, 113604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113604

Memon, M. A., Cheah, J. H., Ramayah, T., et al. (2018). Mediation Analysis Issues and Recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 2(1), I–IX. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.2(1)01

Monllor, J., & Altay, N. (2016). Discovering opportunities in necessity: the inverse creative destruction effect. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(1), 274–291. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-10-2014-0172

Montañés-Del-Río, M. Á., & Medina-Garrido, J. A. (2020). Determinants of the Propensity for Innovation among Entrepreneurs in the Tourism Industry. Sustainability, 12(12), 5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125003

Moreno, J. J., Wach, K. (2014). The Entrepreneurial Profile of Students Participating in the Academic Entrepreneurship Course: Pilot Study Results. Horyzonty Wychowania, 13(26), 121–43.

Munir, H., Jianfeng, C., & Ramzan, S. (2019). Personality traits and theory of planned behavior comparison of entrepreneurial intentions between an emerging economy and a developing country. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(3), 554–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2018-0336

Ng, H. S., Hung Kee, D. M., & Khan, M. J. (2021). Effects of personality, education and opportunities on entrepreneurial intentions. Education + Training, 63(7/8), 992–1014. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2019-0040

Nguyen, A. T., Do, T. H. H., Vu, T. B. T., et al. (2019). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among youths in Vietnam. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.039

Ni, L. W., Lim, B. P., Lim, L. Y., et al. (2012). Entrepreneurial Intention: A Study Among Students of Higher Learning Institution. Entrepreneurial Intention, 12, 181.

Nsengiyunva, J. (2019). How Proactive Personality and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Influence Entrepreneurial Intentions among University Students in Uganda [PhD thesis]. Makerere University 51.

Parente, R., Feola, R. (2013). Opportunity Recognition, Entrepreneurial Intent and Commitment of Young Researchers. International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 155–66. https://doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.12.2.155_1

Parkinson, J., David, P., & Rundle-Thiele, S. (2017). Self-efficacy or perceived behavioural control: Which influences consumers’ physical activity and healthful eating behaviour maintenance? Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(5), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1641

Paul, J., & Shrivatava, A. (2016). Do young managers in a developing country have stronger entrepreneurial intentions? Theory and debate. International Business Review, 25(6), 1197–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.03.003

Peralta, R. R. (2021). Factors That Lead to Entrepreneurial Intention of the Employees Association of Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines and International School of Asia and The Pacific. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 10(9), 6–19.

Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030767

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., et al. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Prabhu, V. P., McGuire, S. J., Drost, E. A., et al. (2012). Proactive personality and entrepreneurial intent. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(5), 559–586. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211253937

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879

Prianto, A. (2017). Various Variables to Trigger Entrepreneurial Intention for Young Entrepreneurs in East Java Indonesia. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 6(4), 32–44.

Ramos-Rodríguez, A. R., Martínez-Fierro, S., Medina-Garrido, J. A., et al. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor versus panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics: comparing their intellectual structures. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(3), 571–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0292-1

Ramos-Rodríguez, A. R., Medina-Garrido, J. A., & Ruiz-Navarro, J. (2019). Why not now? Intended timing in entrepreneurial intentions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1221–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00586-5

Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W. (2012). Putting Entrepreneurship Education Where the Intention to Act Lies: An Investigation into the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Behavior. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2012.0293

Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001

Rippa, P., Ferruzzi, G., Holienka, M., et al. (2020). What drives university engineering students to become entrepreneurs? Finding different recipes using a configuration approach. Journal of Small Business Management, 61(2), 353–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1790291

Ruta, M. (2022). How the War in Ukraine Is Reshaping World Trade and Investment. World Bank Blogs.

Samo, A. H., Hashim, N., (2016). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Alertness on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing, 1(6), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.16.3001

Sampene, A. K., Li, C., Khan, A., et al. (2023). Yes! I want to be an entrepreneur: A study on university students’ entrepreneurship intentions through the theory of planned behavior. Current Psychology, 42(25), 21578–21596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03161-4

Sanyang, S. E., & Huang, W. C. (2010). Entrepreneurship and economic development: the EMPRETEC showcase. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0106-z

Shane, S., Venkataraman, S. (2007). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. In: Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Springer.

Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O., & Bogatyreva, K. (2015). Exploring the intention–behavior link in student entrepreneurship: Moderating effects of individual and environmental characteristics. European Management Journal, 34(4), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2015.12.007

Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., et al. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-02-2019-0189

Shoaib, M., Abbas, Z., Yousaf, M., et al. (2021). The role of GHRM practices towards organizational commitment: A mediation analysis of green human capital. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1870798

Sidratulmunthah, Hussain, S., & Imran Malik, M. (2018). Towards nurturing the entrepreneurial intentions of neglected female business students of Pakistan through proactive personality, self-efficacy and university support factors. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-03-2018-0015

Silveyra, G., Herrero, Á., & Pérez, A. (2021). Model of Teachable Entrepreneurship Competencies (M-TEC): Scale development. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), 100392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100392

Simatupang, T. S., Amir Machmud, & Suwatno. (2020). Does Perceived Behavioral Control Mediate the Effect of Entrepreneurial Knowledge on Student Entrepreneurship Intentions in Indonesia? International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24(8), 3720–29.

Soria-Barreto, K., Honores-Marin, G., Gutiérrez-Zepeda, P., et al. (2017). Prior Exposure and Educational Environment towards Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 12(2), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-27242017000200006

Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002

Srivastava, M., Shivani, S., & Dutta, S. (2023). Antecedents of sustainability‐oriented entrepreneurial intentions: A comprehensive model and empirical evidence. Sustainable Development, 32(3), 1774–1791. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2747

Staats, H. (2004). Pro-environmental Attitudes and Behavioral Change. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-657410-3/00817-5

Stel, A. van, Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6

Tatarko, A., & Schmidt, P. (2016). Individual social capital and the implementation of entrepreneurial intentions: The case of Russia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19(1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12113

Teixeira, A. A. C., & Forte, R. P. (2017). Prior education and entrepreneurial intentions: the differential impact of a wide range of fields of study. Review of Managerial Science, 11(2), 353–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-015-0188-2

Teixeira, S. J., Casteleiro, C. M. L., Rodrigues, R. G., et al. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship in European countries. International Journal of Innovation Science, 10(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijis-07-2017-0062

Tembe, N. (2023). Strategies for Institutionalising Entrepreneurship; Building an Entrepreneurial University. Available online: https://usaf.ac.za/strategies-for-institutionalising-entrepreneurship-building-an-entrepreneurial-university/ (accessed on 22 April 2023).

Tomy, S., & Pardede, E. (2020). An entrepreneurial intention model focussing on higher education. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(7), 1423–1447. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-06-2019-0370

Tornikoski, E., & Maalaoui, A. (2019). Critical reflections—The Theory of Planned Behaviour: An interview with Icek Ajzen with implications for entrepreneurship research. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 37(5), 536–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242619829681

Trafimow, D., Sheeran, P., Conner, M., et al. (2002). Evidence that perceived behavioural control is a multidimensional construct: Perceived control and perceived difficulty. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466602165081

Trivedi, R. (2016). Does University Play Significant Role in Shaping Entrepreneurial Intention? A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703

Tu, B., Bhowmik, R., Hasan, Md. K., et al. (2021). Graduate Students’ Behavioral Intention towards Social Entrepreneurship: Role of Social Vision, Innovativeness, Social Proactiveness, and Risk Taking. Sustainability, 13(11), 6386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116386

UNESCO. (2021). TVETipedia Glossary. Available online: https://unevoc.unesco.org/home/TVETipedia+Glossary/lang=en/filt=all/id=206 (accessed on 2 June 2023).

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2021). Global Foreign Direct Investment Set to Recover Some Lost Ground, Uncertainty Remains—UN Report UNCTAD. Press Release.

Utami, C. W. (2017). Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior, Entrepreneurship Education and Self-efficacy toward Entrepreneurial Intention University Student in Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal, 475–495. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/654

Valliere, D. (2014). Purifying entrepreneurial intent: proposition of a new scale. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 27(5), 451–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1094225

Vamvaka, V., Stoforos, C., Palaskas, T., et al. (2020). Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0112-0

Vial, V. (2017). The Elements of Sustainable Entrepreneurship at Wu Guan Tang Restaurant. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36(2), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21766

Walker, J. K., Jeger, M., & Kopecki, D. (2013). The Role of Perceived Abilities, Subjective Norm and Intentions in Entrepreneurial Activity. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 181–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355713490621

Wang, Y., Ellinger, A. D., & Jim Wu, Y. (2013). Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: an empirical study of R&D personnel. Management Decision, 51(2), 248–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741311301803

Welsh, D. H. B., Othman, D., Alserhan, B., et al. (2021). The impact of the international crisis on the entrepreneurial intentions of refugees. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(3), 720–740. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2021-0150

Xu, Y., Du, J., Khan, M. A. S., et al. (2022). Effects of Subjective Norms and Environmental Mechanism on Green Purchase Behavior: An Extended Model of Theory of Planned Behavior. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.779629

Xin, Y., Khan, R. U., Dagar, V., & Qian, F. (2023). Do international resources configure SMEs' sustainable performance in the digital era? Evidence from Pakistan. Resources Policy, 80, 103169.

Yar, D. H., Wennberg, W., Henrik, B. (2008). Creativity in Entrepreneurship Education. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2), 304–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810871691/FULL/HTML

Yasa, N. N. K., Rini, A., Cempaka, N. P., et al. (2018). The Role of Attitudes in Mediating Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education and Psychological Characteristics of the Entrepreneurship Intention. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 17(2), 47–55.

Yego, C., Jeon, S. (2017). Do Entrepreneurial Intentions Matter? An Empirical Investigation Through the Eyes of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Business Venturing.

Yoopetch, C. (2021). Women empowerment, attitude toward risk-taking and entrepreneurial intention in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-01-2020-0016

Yousaf, U., Ali, S. A., Ahmed, M., et al. (2020). From entrepreneurial education to entrepreneurial intention: a sequential mediation of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude. International Journal of Innovation Science, 13(3), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijis-09-2020-0133

Yzer, M. (2012). Perceived Behavioral Control in Reasoned Action Theory. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 640(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211423500

Zardini, A., Cecilia, R., Marco, S. (2013). A Network Perspective for a Borderless International Structure: The Experience of an Italian Entrepreneurial SME in Morocco. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 33(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21520

Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257