Developing potential of female employees: The mediating role of engagement and citizenship behavior in servant leadership

Mahendra Fakhri, Sam'Un Jaja Raharja, Margo Purnomo, Rivani Rivani

Article ID: 3967
Vol 8, Issue 6, 2024

VIEWS - 61 (Abstract) 77 (PDF)

Abstract


Leadership is one of the important factors that ensured organizational achievement. Servant leadership offers a unique point of view on leadership which developed around the idea of service to subordinates. The implementation of servant leadership can lead to various positive outcomes, including increased engagement, organizational citizenship behavior, and improved performance. However, engagement and organizational citizenship behavior can serve as mediators to enhance organizational performance even further. The present study aimed to explore a prediction model of servant leadership using mediating variables such as employee engagement and organizational citizenship behavior, with employee performance as the outcome. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. This study used a structural equation model analysis approach to determine the predicted model of servant leadership. The research showed that the role of mediating variables indicated that employee engagement and organizational citizenship behavior had a positive effect in mediating the relationship between servant leadership and employee performance. The study indicated that applying servant leadership, with employee engagement, and organizational citizenship behavior as mediating variables would have an impact on better results of employee performance.


Keywords


servant leadership; employee engagement; organizational citizenship behavior; employee performance; women leader; female employee

Full Text:

PDF


References


Afridi, S. A., Ali, S. Z., & Zahid, R. M. A. (2023). Nurturing environmental champions: exploring the influence of environmental-specific servant leadership on environmental performance in the hospitality industry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29690-4

Allen, T. D., & Jang, S. “Rachel.” (2018). Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. In P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. Mackenzie, & N. P. Podsakoff (Eds.), Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.12

Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-01-2013-0008

Arshad, M., Dost, M., & Qasim, N. (2022). Enhancing employee work engagement through organizational identification, gender and leader social dominance orientation. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 38(8), 1014–1028. https://doi.org/10.1108/gm-05-2021-0138

Baker, M., Ali, M., & French, E. (2021). Leadership Diversity and Its Influence on Equality Initiatives and Performance: Insights for Construction Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 147(10). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002147

Barthel, A. D. T., & Buengeler, C. (2023). Servant versus directive leadership and promotability: does leader gender matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.957121

Cameron, S. M., & Nadler, J. T. (2013). Gender roles and organizational citizenship behaviors: Effects on managerial evaluations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 28(7), 380–399. https://doi.org/10.1108/gm-10-2012-0074

Canavesi, A., & Minelli, E. (2022). Servant Leadership and Employee Engagement: A Qualitative Study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 34(4), 413–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-021-09389-9

Chen, S.-W., & Peng, J.-C. (2021). Determinants of frontline employee engagement and their influence on service performance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(5), 1062–1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1505764

Choi, Y. (2020). A study of the influence of workplace ostracism on employees’ performance: moderating effect of perceived organizational support. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 29(3), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-09-2019-0159

Contreras, F., Soria-Barreto, K., & Zuniga-Jara, S. (2022). Managerial support and innovative work behaviour in B corps: Examining the effect of female employee work engagement and corporate reputation. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 12(3), 809–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.2017255

Dai, Y., Byun, G., & Ding, F. (2019). The Direct and Indirect Impact of Gender Diversity in New Venture Teams on Innovation Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(3), 505–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718807696

Dalain, A. F. (2023). Nurturing Employee Engagement at Workplace and Organizational Innovation in Time of Crisis with Moderating Effect of Servant Leadership. SAGE Open, 13(2), 215824402311751. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231175150

Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092

De Clercq, D., Bouckenooghe, D., Raja, U., et al. (2014). Servant Leadership and Work Engagement: The Contingency Effects of Leader–Follower Social Capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 183–212. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21185

Dhani, P., & Sharma, T. (2017). Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance of IT employees: A gender study. Procedia Computer Science, 122, 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.358

Diamantidis, A. D., & Chatzoglou, P. (2018). Factors affecting employee performance: an empirical approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(1), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-01-2018-0012

Eissa, G., Lester, S. W., & Gupta, R. (2020). Interpersonal Deviance and Abusive Supervision: The Mediating Role of Supervisor Negative Emotions and the Moderating Role of Subordinate Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(3), 577–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04130-x

Elche, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Linuesa-Langreo, J. (2020). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2035–2053. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2019-0501

Engelsberger, A., Bartram, T., Cavanagh, J., et al. (2023). The role of collaborative human resource management in supporting open innovation: A multi-level model. Human Resource Management Review, 33(2), 100942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100942

Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., et al. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004

Faraz, N. A., Xiong, Z., Mehmood, S. A., et al. (2023). How Does Servant Leadership Nurture Nurses’ Job Embeddedness? Uncovering Sequential Mediation of Psychological Contract Fulfillment and Psychological Ownership. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7294334

Fulton, B. R. (2021). Engaging Differences: How Socially Diverse Organizations Can Mobilize Their Resources More Effectively. Social Forces, 99(4), 1518–1546. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaa088

Ghalavi, Z., & Nastiezaie, N. (2020). Relationship of Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Mediation of Psychological Empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20(89), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2020.89.11

Giolito, V. J., Liden, R. C., van Dierendonck, D., et al. (2020). Servant Leadership Influencing Store-Level Profit: The Mediating Effect of Employee Flourishing. Journal of Business Ethics, 172(3), 503–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04509-1

Greenleaf, R. K. (1970). The Servant as Leader. The Greenleaf Center.

Gruman, J. A., & Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.09.004

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., et al. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203

Hale, J. R., & Fields, D. L. (2007). Exploring Servant Leadership across Cultures: A Study of Followers in Ghana and the USA. Leadership, 3(4), 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715007082964

Harpe, S. E. (2015). How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(6), 836–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001

Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287

Kahn, W. A. (1992). To Be Fully There: Psychological Presence at Work. Human Relations, 45(4), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500402

Khan, N., Palepu, A., Dodek, P., et al. (2021). Cross-sectional survey on physician burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vancouver, Canada: the role of gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation. BMJ Open, 11(5), e050380. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050380

Krishnan, M. (2021). The COVID-19 challenge to gender equality | McKinsey. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/id/our-insights/the-covid-19-challenge-to-gender-equality (accessed on 22 December 2023).

Langhof, J. G., & Güldenberg, S. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic literature review—toward a model of antecedents and outcomes. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 34(1), 32–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002219869903

Lavelle, J. J., Rupp, D. E., Herda, D. N., et al. (2021). Customer Injustice and Employee Performance: Roles of Emotional Exhaustion, Surface Acting, and Emotional Demands–Abilities Fit. Journal of Management, 47(3), 654–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319869426

Lechermeier, J., Fassnacht, M., & Wagner, T. (2020). Testing the influence of real-time performance feedback on employees in digital services. Journal of Service Management, 31(3), 345–371. https://doi.org/10.1108/josm-10-2018-0341

Lemmergaard, J., & Muhr, S. L. (2013). Critical perspectives on leadership: Emotion, toxicity, and dysfunction (p. 222). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857931139

Lemoine, G. J., & Blum, T. C. (2021). Servant leadership, leader gender, and team gender role: Testing a female advantage in a cascading model of performance. Personnel Psychology, 74(1), 3–28. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12379

Li, X., Lau, V. M.-C., & Yang, F. X. (2023). BUFFERING JOB DEMANDS AND BURNOUT DURING A CRISIS: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN PERSONAL AND JOB RESOURCES. Tourism Analysis, 28(4), 545–563. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354223X16916333101585

Liden, R. C., Panaccio, A., Meuser, J. D., et al. (2014). Servant leadership: Antecedents, processes, and outcomes. In The oxford handbook of leadership and organizations. Oxford University Press.

Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006

Lückerath-Rovers, M. (2011). Women on boards and firm performance. Journal of Management & Governance, 17(2), 491–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-011-9186-1

Ludwikowska, K., & Tworek, K. (2022). Dynamic capabilities of IT as a factor shaping servant leadership influence on organizational performance. Procedia Computer Science, 207, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.035

Mauchi, J. T., Lekhanya, L. M., & Dorasamy, N. (2020). Understanding the performance of women in leadership positions: a study of women in top positions in quasi-government organisations. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 1–16.

McCallaghan, S., Jackson, L. T. B., & Heyns, M. M. (2020). Servant leadership, diversity climate, and organisational citizenship behaviour at a selection of South African companies. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 30(5), 379–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2020.1821310

Mertel, T., & Brill, C. (2015). What every leader ought to know about becoming a servant leader. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(5), 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/ict-02-2015-0013

Mishra, D., Satpathy, I., Patnaik, B. C., et al. (2020). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on augmenting the performance of working women: a research study in IT sector. Eurasian Chemical Communications, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2020.257913.1100

Naqshbandi, M. M., Tabche, I., & Choudhary, N. (2018). Managing open innovation. Management Decision, 57(3), 703–723. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2017-0660

Ncube, L. B., & Wasburn, M. H. (2006). Strategic Collaboration for Ethical Leadership: A Mentoring Framework for Business and Organizational Decision Making. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130011001

Obuobisa-Darko, T. (2020). Leaders’ Behaviour as a Determinant of Employee Performance in Ghana: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement. Public Organization Review, 20(3), 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-019-00460-6

Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2005). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. SAGE Publications.

Oyewobi, L. O., Oke, A. E., Adeneye, T. D., et al. (2022). Impact of work–life policies on organizational commitment of construction professionals: Role of work–life balance. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(10), 1795–1805. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1742632

Pilukiene, L. (2023). HR management challenges in the context of the covid-19 pandemic: The case of the Lithuanian hospitality industry. Business Management, 2023(4), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.58861/tae.bm.2023.4.06

Raišienė, A. G., Gečienė, J., & Korsakienė, R. (2020). Challenges of Women Leaders in Female and Male Dominated Occupations. International Journal of Business and Society, 21(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3349.2020

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2018). Organizational Behavior. Pearson.

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248

Schultheiss, D. E. (2021). Shining the light on women’s work, this time brighter: Let’s start at the top. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103558

Sharp, K. L., & Whitaker-Worth, D. (2020). Burnout of the female dermatologist: How traditional burnout reduction strategies have failed women. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology, 6(1), 32–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.08.004

Singh, S. K., Gupta, S., Busso, D., et al. (2021). Top management knowledge value, knowledge sharing practices, open innovation and organizational performance. Journal of Business Research, 128, 788–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.040

Slack, N. J., Singh, G., Narayan, J., et al. (2020). Servant Leadership in the Public Sector: Employee Perspective. Public Organization Review, 20(4), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-019-00459-z

Sousa, M., & Van Dierendonck, D. (2016). Introducing a Short Measure of Shared Servant Leadership Impacting Team Performance through Team Behavioral Integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02002

Spears, L. C., & Lawrence, M. (2002). Focus on Leadership: Servant-Leadership for the Twenty-First Century. John Wiley & Sons.

Stefanova, V., Farrell, L., & Latu, I. (2021). Gender and the pandemic: Associations between caregiving, working from home, personal and career outcomes for women and men. Current Psychology, 42(20), 17395–17411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02630-6

Sugianingrat, I. A. P. W., Rini Widyawati, S., Alexandra de Jesus da Costa, C., et al. (2019). The employee engagement and OCB as mediating on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(2), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-03-2018-0124

Sun, H. J., & Yoon, H. H. (2022). Linking Organizational Virtuousness, Engagement, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Moderating Role of Individual and Organizational Factors. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(5), 879–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020963701

Tekkas Kerman, K., Albayrak, S., Arkan, G., et al. (2022). The effect of the COVID-19 social distancing measures on Turkish women’s mental well-being and burnout levels: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(4), 985–1001. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13009

van der Hoven, A. G., Mahembe, B., & Hamman-Fisher, D. (2021). The influence of servant leadership on psychological empowerment and organisational citizenship on a sample of teachers. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm

van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1228–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310380462

Walumbwa, F. O., Christensen-Salem, A., Perrmann-Graham, J., & Kasimu, P. (2020). An Identification Based Framework Examining How and When Salient Social Exchange Resources Facilitate and Shape Thriving at Work. Human Resource Development Review, 19(4), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320946208

Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867

Woodbridge, L. M., Um, B., & Duys, D. K. (2021). Women’s Experiences Navigating Paid Work and Caregiving During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Career Development Quarterly, 69(4), 284–298. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12274

Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., et al. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the consequences of servant leadership: The moderating roles of cultural factors. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 38(1), 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9639-z




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i6.3967

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Mahendra Fakhri, Sam'Un Jaja Raharja, Margo Purnomo, Rivani Rivani

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.