Examining the impact of urban built environment on sport participation: Development of a conceptual framework
Vol 8, Issue 5, 2024
VIEWS - 1504 (Abstract)
Abstract
Increasing populations in cities have created challenges for the urban environment and also public health. Today, lacking sport participation opportunities in urban settings is a global concern. This study conceptualizes and develops a theoretical framework that identifies factors associated with effective urban built environments that help shape and reshape residents’ attitude toward sport activities and enhances their participation. Based on a comprehensive review of literature and by following the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory and attitude change theory, a four-factor measurement model is proposed for studying urban built environment, including Availability, Accessibility, Design, and Safety. Further examinations are made on how these factors are channeled to transform residents’ attitudes and behavior associated with participating in sport activities, with Affordability as a moderator. Discussions are centered around the viability of the developed framework and its application for future research investigations.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
- Alfonzo, M. A. (2005). To Walk or Not to Walk? The Hierarchy of Walking Needs. Environment and Behavior, 37(6), 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016
- Almulhim, A. I., & Cobbinah, P. B. (2023). Can rapid urbanization be sustainable? The case of Saudi Arabian cities. Habitat International, 139, 102884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102884
- American College of Sports Medicine. (2017). ACSM's exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- An, R., Shen, J., Yang, Q., & Yang, Y. (2019). Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: A narrative systematic review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.003
- Azzali, S. (2016). Mega-events and urban planning: Doha as a case study. URBAN DESIGN International, 22(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-016-0011-y
- Baade, R. A. (1996). Professional Sports as Catalysts for Metropolitan Economic Development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 18(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1996.tb00361.x
- Ball, K., Bauman, A., Leslie, E., & Owen, N. (2001). Perceived Environmental Aesthetics and Convenience and Company Are Associated with Walking for Exercise among Australian Adults. Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0912
- Beenackers, M. A., Kamphuis, C. B., Burdorf, A., et al. (2011). Sports participation, perceived neighborhood safety, and individual cognitions: how do they interact? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-114
- Billinger, S. A., Boyne, P., Coughenour, E., et al. (2014). Does Aerobic Exercise and the FITT Principle Fit into Stroke Recovery? Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-014-0519-8
- Black, C., Collins, A., & Snell, M. (2001). Encouraging Walking: The Case of Journey-to-school Trips in Compact Urban Areas. Urban Studies, 38(7), 1121–1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980124102
- Borgers, J., Breedveld, K., Tiessen-Raaphorst, A., et al. (2016). A study on the frequency of participation and time spent on sport in different organisational settings. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(5), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1196717
- Bors, P., Dessauer, M., Bell, R., Wilkerson, R., et al. (2009). The Active Living by Design national program: community initiatives and lessons learned. American journal of preventive medicine, 37(6 Suppl 2), S313–S321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.027
- Brownson, R. C., Chang, J. J., Eyler, A. A., et al. (2004). Measuring the Environment for Friendliness Toward Physical Activity: A Comparison of the Reliability of 3 Questionnaires. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.3.473
- Brownson, R. C., Housemann, R. A., Brown, D. R., et al. (2000). Promoting physical activity in rural communities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18(3), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00165-8
- Butler, E. N., Ambs, A. M. H., Reedy, J., & Bowles, H. R. (2011). Identifying GIS Measures of the Physical Activity Built Environment Through a Review of the Literature. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(s1), S91–S97. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s91
- Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children’s physical activity—A review. Health & Place, 14(2), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004
- Cassarino, M., Shahab, S., & Biscaya, S. (2021). Envisioning Happy Places for All: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Transformations in the Urban Environment on the Wellbeing of Vulnerable Groups. Sustainability, 13(14), 8086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148086
- CDC. (2011). Impact of the Built Environment on Health. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/factsheets/impactofthebuiltenvironmentonhealth.pdf (accessed on 17 January 2024).
- Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1361-9209(97)00009-6
- Cervero, R., & Radisch, C. (1996). Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Transport Policy, 3(3), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-070x(96)00016-9
- Cervero, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Jacoby, E., et al. (2009). Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogotá. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(4), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314
- Chipande, H. D. (2016). Mining for Goals. Radical History Review, 2016(125), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-3451736
- Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa066082
- Conner, M., McEachan, R., Jackson, C., et al. (2013). Moderating Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Relationship between Health Cognitions and Behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9481-y
- Craig, C. L., Brownson, R. C., Cragg, S. E., & Dunn, A. L. (2002). Exploring the effect of the environment on physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00472-5
- Cunningham, G. O., & Michael, Y. L. (2004). Concepts Guiding the Study of the Impact of the Built Environment on Physical Activity for Older Adults: A Review of the Literature. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(6), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.6.435
- De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Sallis, J. F., & Saelens, B. E. (2003). Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in a Sample of Belgian Adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.83
- Deelen, I., Ettema, D., & Kamphuis, C. B. M. (2018). Sports participation in sport clubs, gyms or public spaces: How users of different sports settings differ in their motivations, goals, and sports frequency. PLOS ONE, 13(10), e0205198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198
- Dickson, G., & Zhang, J. J. (2020). Sports and urban development: an introduction. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-11-2020-0194
- Downward, P., Lera-López, F., & Rasciute, S. (2014). The correlates of sports participation in Europe. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(6), 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.880191
- Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College.
- Eakins, J. (2018). An analysis of the determinants of sports participation and time spent in different sporting contexts. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(3), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1527713
- Edwards, P., & Tsouros, A. D. (2008). A healthy city is an active city: a physical activity planning guide. World Health Organization.
- Eime, R. M., Harvey, J. T., Sawyer, N. A., et al. (2013). Understanding the Contexts of Adolescent Female Participation in Sport and Physical Activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84(2), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2013.784846
- Eime, R. M., Sawyer, N., Harvey, J. T., et al. (2015). Integrating public health and sport management: Sport participation trends 2001–2010. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.004
- Forsyth, A., Hearst, M., Oakes, J. M., & Schmitz, K. H. (2008). Design and Destinations: Factors Influencing Walking and Total Physical Activity. Urban Studies, 45(9), 1973–1996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008093386
- Federico, B., Falese, L., Marandola, D., & Capelli, G. (2013). Socioeconomic differences in sport and physical activity among Italian adults. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.736630
- Fei, W., Opoku, A., Agyekum, K., et al. (2021). The Critical Role of the Construction Industry in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Delivering Projects for the Common Good. Sustainability, 13(16), 9112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169112
- Feng, S., Chen, L., Sun, R., et al. (2019). The Distribution and Accessibility of Urban Parks in Beijing, China: Implications of Social Equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 4894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244894
- Fisher, J. E., Andersen, Z. J., Loft, S., & Pedersen, M. (2017). Opportunities and challenges within urban health and sustainable development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 25, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.08.008
- Floyd, M. F., Spengler, J. O., Maddock, J. E.,et al. (2008). Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of Two U.S. Cities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.009
- FRANCIS, S. (2005). Sport tourism destinations: the active sport tourist perspective. Sport Tourism Destinations, 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-5937-6.50013-4
- Franzini, L., Taylor, W., Elliott, M. N.,et al. (2010). Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: Disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Health & Place, 16(2), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.10.009
- Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002a). Socioeconomic Status Differences in Recreational Physical Activity Levels and Real and Perceived Access to a Supportive Physical Environment. Preventive Medicine, 35(6), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1115
- Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002b). The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54(12), 1793–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00150-2
- Giles-Corti, B., Macintyre, S., Clarkson, J. P.,et al. (2003). Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Perth, Australia. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.93
- Giles-Corti, W. (1998). The relative influence of, and interaction between, environmental and individual determinants of recreational physical activity in sedentary workers and home makers. [Doctoral Thesis, The University of Western Australia].
- Greenwald, M. J., & Boarnet, M. G. (2001). Built Environment as Determinant of Walking Behavior: Analyzing Nonwork Pedestrian Travel in Portland, Oregon. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1780(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.3141/1780-05
- Grix, J., Brannagan, P. M., Grimes, H., & Neville, R. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1851285
- Gul, Y., Sultan, Z., & Johar, F. (2016). Effects of neighborhood’s built environment on physical activities in gated communities: A review. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 3(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v3.n1.112
- Hallmann, K., Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & Schönherr, L. (2012). Understanding the importance of sport infrastructure for participation in different sports – findings from multi-level modeling. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(5), 525–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.687756
- Handy, S. (2005). Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Transportation Research Board and the Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use. Resource paper for TRB Special Report, 282(1), 1-81.
- Henander, B. (2019). Cities with the Most Extreme Weather. World Atlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-worlds-most-extreme-cities-wettest-driest-coldest-hottest-highest-isolated-least-accessible-and-windiest-cities.html
- Humpel, N. (2002). Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00426-3
- Jiang, Z., & Lin, B. (2012). China’s energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process. Energy Policy, 49, 608–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.002
- Kamphuis, C. B., Van Lenthe, F. J., Giskes, K.,et al. (2008). Socioeconomic status, environmental and individual factors, and sports participation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318158e467
- Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
- Kemp, B. J., Cliff, D. P., Batterham, M., & Parrish, A. M. (2021). Socio-ecological predictors of non-organized physical activity participation and decline between childhood and adolescence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(2), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1808296
- Keys, B. J. (2013). Globalizing Sport. Amsterdam University.
- Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., & Jung, T. (2018). Exploring consumer behavior in virtual reality tourism using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518818915
- Kitamura, R., Mokhtarian, P. L., & Daidet, L. (1997). A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay area. Transportation, 24(2), 125–158. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1017959825565
- Koch, N. (2018). Sports and the city. Geography Compass, 12(3), e12360. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12360
- Kockelman, K. M. (1997). Travel behavior as function of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance: evidence from San Francisco Bay area. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1607(1), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.3141/1607-16
- Kondo, K., Lee, J. S., Kawakubo, K.,et al. (2009). Association between daily physical activity and neighborhood environments. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 14(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0081-1
- Kwon, Y. S., Lee, B. K., & Sohn, S. Y. (2020). Optimal location-allocation model for the installation of rooftop sports facilities in metropolitan areas. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1598454
- Laborde, S., Guillén, F., & Mosley, E. (2016). Positive personality-trait-like individual differences in athletes from individual- and team sports and in non-athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.05.009
- Lanrewaju, F. (2012). Urbanization, housing quality and environmental degeneration in Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(16), 422–429. https://doi.org/10.5897/jgrp12.060
- Li, X. H., Liu, J. L., Gibson, V., & Zhu, Y. G. (2012). Urban sustainability and human health in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(4), 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.007
- Linton, H. B. (1955). Dependence on external influence: Correlates in perception, attitudes, and judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046282
- Lovasi, G. S., Hutson, M. A., Guerra, M., & Neckerman, K. M. (2009). Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiologic Reviews, 31(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxp005
- Low, S., & Maguire, M. (2020). Public space during COVID‐19. Social Anthropology.
- Lynch, J., & Kaplan, G. (2000). Socioeconomic position (Vol. 2000, pp. 13-35). Social epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Malfas, M., Theodoraki, E., & Houlihan, B. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, 157(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2004.157.3.209
- Mangan, J. A. (2010). ‘Muscular, militaristic and manly’: The middle-class hero as moral messenger. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 27(1–2), 150–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360903339197
- Marshall, W. E., & Garrick, N. (2011). Does street network design affect traffic safety? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.024
- Martins, L. C. G., Lopes, M. V. D. O., Diniz, C. M., & Guedes, N. G. (2020). The factors related to a sedentary lifestyle: A meta‐analysis review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(3), 1188–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14669
- Marzouk, M., & Othman, A. (2020). Planning utility infrastructure requirements for smart cities using the integration between BIM and GIS. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102120
- Mason, D., Sant, S. L., & Soebbing, B. (2017). The peculiar economics of sports team ownership. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7(4), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2016-0067
- McCormack, E., Rutherford, G. S., & Wilkinson, M. G. (2001). Travel impacts of mixed land use neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1780(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3141/1780-04
- Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology. MIT.
- Mell, İ., & Whitten, M. (2021). Access to nature in a post COVID-19 world: Opportunities for green infrastructure financing, distribution and equitability in urban planning. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041527
- Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2006). Creating community networks: Can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital? Managing Leisure, 11(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500445676
- Nagel, C. L., Carlson, N. E., Bosworth, M., & Michael, Y. L. (2008). The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(4), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn158
- Nagoya, R., Bernarto, I., Antonio, F., et al. (2021). Exploring intention to enroll university using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/exploring-intention-to-enroll-university-using-an-extended-stimulusorganismresponse-model.pdf
- Neckerman, K. M., Lovasi, G. S., Davies, S., et al. (2009). Disparities in urban neighborhood conditions: evidence from GIS measures and field observation in New York City. Journal of Public Health Policy, 30(S1), S264–S285. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2008.47
- Park, J. H., Moon, J., Kim, H. J., et al. (2020). Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 41(6), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165
- Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J. W. (1981). The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care, 19(2), 127–140. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3764310
- Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., et al. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854
- Pikora, T., Giles-Corti, B., Bull, F., et al. (2003). Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. Social Science & Medicine, 56(8), 1693–1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00163-6
- Poulsen, A. A., Ziviani, J. M., Cuskelly, M., & Smith, R. (2007). Boys with developmental coordination disorder: Loneliness and team sports participation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.4.451
- Poynter, G., Viehoff, V., & Li, Y. (2018). The London Olympics and Urban Development: The Mega-Event City. Routledge.
- Pozoukidou, G., & Chatziyiannaki, Z. (2021). 15-Minute City: Decomposing the new urban planning eutopia. Sustainability, 13(2), 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020928
- Ranjbarnia, B., Kamelifar, M. J., & Masoumi, H. E. (2022). The association between active mobility and subjective wellbeing during COVID-19 in MENA Countries. Healthcare, 10(9), 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091603
- Rappaport, J., & Wilkerson, C. (2001). What are the benefits of hosting a major league sports franchise? Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 86(1), 55-86.
- Ren, X. (2008). Architecture and nation building in the age of globalization: Construction of the national stadium of Beijing for the 2008 Olympics. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00386.x
- Rhodes, R. E., Brown, S. G., & McIntyre, C. A. (2006). Integrating the perceived neighborhood environment and the theory of planned behavior when predicting walking in a Canadian adult sample. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-21.2.110
- Richards, G., & Duif, L. (2018). Small cities with big dreams. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351201193
- Riess, S. A. (1991). City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports (Sport and Society). University of Illinois Press.
- Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization
- Robroek, S. J., Reeuwijk, K. G., Hillier, F. C., et al. (2013). The contribution of overweight, obesity, and lack of physical activity to exit from paid employment: a meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 39(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3354
- Ruwald, A. C., Marcus, F., Estes, N. M., et al. (2015). Association of competitive and recreational sport participation with cardiac events in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: results from the North American multidisciplinary study of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal, 36(27), 1735–1743. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv110
- Ryan, D. H., Ravussin, E., & Heymsfield, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the patient with obesity – the editors speak out. Obesity, 28(5), 847. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22808
- Sabiston, C. M., O’Loughlin, E., Brunet, J., et al. (2013). Linking depression symptom trajectories in adolescence to physical activity and team sports participation in young adults. Preventive Medicine, 56(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.11.013
- Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2502_03
- Sallis, J. F., Adlakha, D., Oyeyemi, A., & Salvo, D. (2020). An international physical activity and public health research agenda to inform coronavirus disease-2019 policies and practices. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 328–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.005
- Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R., et al. (1990). Distance between homes and exercise facilities related to frequency of exercise among San Diego residents. Public Health Reports, 105(2), 179.
- Sánchez, F., & Broudehoux, A.-M. (2013). Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2013.839450
- Scheerder, J., & Vos, S. (2011). Social stratification in adults’ sports participation from a time-trend perspective results from a 40-year household study. European Journal for Sport and Society, 8(1–2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2011.11687868
- Shanahan, D., Cox, D., Fuller, R.,et al. (2017). Variation in experiences of nature across gradients of tree cover in compact and sprawling cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.004
- Shay, E., Rodriguez, D. A., Cho, G., et al. (2009). Comparing objective measures of environmental supports for pedestrian travel in adults. International Journal of Health Geographics, 8(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-8-62
- Shoari, N., Ezzati, M., Baumgartner, J., et al. (2020). Accessibility and allocation of public parks and gardens in England and Wales: A COVID-19 social distancing perspective. PloS One, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241102
- Slater, S. J., Christiana, R. W., & Gustat, J. (2020). Recommendations for keeping parks and green space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200204
- Smith, A. (2010). The development of “sports-city” zones and their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas. European Planning Studies, 18(3), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903497702
- Sotiriadou, K. P. (2009). The Australian sport system and its stakeholders: development of cooperative relationships. Sport in Society, 12(7), 842–860. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430903053067
- Steenhuis, I. H., Nooy, S. B., Moes, M. J., & Schuit, A. J. (2009). Financial barriers and pricing strategies related to participation in sports activities: The perceptions of people of low income. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(6), 716–721. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.6.716
- Stodolska, M., Shinew, K. J., Acevedo, J. C., & Izenstark, D. (2011). Perceptions of urban parks as havens and contested terrains by Mexican-Americans in Chicago neighborhoods. Leisure Sciences, 33(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.550220
- Strath, S., Isaacs, R., & Greenwald, M. J. (2007). Operationalizing environmental indicators for physical activity in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15(4), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.15.4.412
- Thidemann, A., & Rekdal, K. E. (2016). Treningssenterbransjen 2016. VIRKE Trening.
- Tilt, J. H., Unfried, T. M., & Roca, B. (2007). Using objective and subjective measures of neighborhood greenness and accessible destinations for understanding walking trips and BMI in Seattle, Washington. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(4), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.371
- Timperio, A., Crawford, D., Telford, A., & Salmon, J. (2004). Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine, 38(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026
- Titze, S., Stronegger, W. J., Janschitz, S., & Oja, P. (2007). Environmental, social, and personal correlates of cycling for transportation in a student population. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 4(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.1.66
- Troped, P. J., Saunders, R. P., Pate, R. R., et al. (2001). Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0788
- Troped, P. J., Wilson, J. S., Matthews, C. E., et al. (2010). The built environment and location-based physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.032
- Trost, S. G., Owen, N., Bauman, A. E., et al. (2002). Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Medicine & Science in Sports & exercise, 34(12), 1996-2001.
- Tucker, P., & Gilliland, J. (2007). The effect of season and weather on physical activity: A systematic review. Public Health, 121(12), 909–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.009
- Unterman, R. (1987). Changing design standards for streets and roads. Public Streets for Public Use, 255-260.
- Van Dyck, D., Sallis, J. F., Cardon, G., et al. (2013). Associations of neighborhood characteristics with active park use: an observational study in two cities in the USA and Belgium. International Journal of Health Geographics, 12(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-12-26
- Veal, A. J., Toohey, K., & Frawley, S. (2012). The sport participation legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and other international sporting events hosted in Australia. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 4(2), 155–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2012.662619
- Wang, K., & Wang, X. (2020). Providing Sports Venues on Mainland China: Implications for Promoting Leisure-Time Physical Activity and National Fitness Policies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145136
- Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2012). Micro and macro level determinants of sport participation. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781211207665
- Wilcox, S. (2000). Determinants of leisure time physical activity in rural compared with urban older and ethnically diverse women in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54(9), 667–672. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.9.667
- Wohlwill, J. F. (1976). Environmental Aesthetics: The Environment as a Source of Affect. Human Behavior and Environment, 37–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2550-5_2
- Wood, W. (2000). Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 539–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.539
- Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban Parks as Green Buffers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12(17), 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176751
- Xiong, H. (2007). The evolution of urban society and social changes in sports participation at the grassroots in China. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42(4), 441–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690208089836
- Yoo, S., & Kim, D. H. (2017). Perceived urban neighborhood environment for physical activity of older adults in Seoul, Korea: A multimethod qualitative study. Preventive Medicine, 103, S90–S98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.033
- Zimbardo, P. G., & Leippe, M. R. (1991). The psychology of attitude change and social influence (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i5.3069
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Troy T. Zhao, Yufei Bai, James J. Zhang
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.