urban development; built environment; city communities; sport participation

Alfonzo, M. A. (2005). To Walk or Not to Walk? The Hierarchy of Walking Needs. Environment and Behavior, 37(6), 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016 Almulhim, A. I., & Cobbinah, P. B. (2023). Can rapid urbanization be sustainable? The case of Saudi Arabian cities. Habitat International, 139, 102884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102884 American College of Sports Medicine. (2017). ACSM's exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. An, R., Shen, J., Yang, Q., & Yang, Y. (2019). Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: A narrative systematic review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.003 Azzali, S. (2016). Mega-events and urban planning: Doha as a case study. URBAN DESIGN International, 22(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-016-0011-y Baade, R. A. (1996). Professional Sports as Catalysts for Metropolitan Economic Development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 18(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1996.tb00361.x Ball, K., Bauman, A., Leslie, E., & Owen, N. (2001). Perceived Environmental Aesthetics and Convenience and Company Are Associated with Walking for Exercise among Australian Adults. Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0912 Beenackers, M. A., Kamphuis, C. B., Burdorf, A., et al. (2011). Sports participation, perceived neighborhood safety, and individual cognitions: how do they interact? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-114 Billinger, S. A., Boyne, P., Coughenour, E., et al. (2014). Does Aerobic Exercise and the FITT Principle Fit into Stroke Recovery? Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-014-0519-8 Black, C., Collins, A., & Snell, M. (2001). Encouraging Walking: The Case of Journey-to-school Trips in Compact Urban Areas. Urban Studies, 38(7), 1121–1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980124102 Borgers, J., Breedveld, K., Tiessen-Raaphorst, A., et al. (2016). A study on the frequency of participation and time spent on sport in different organisational settings. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(5), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1196717 Bors, P., Dessauer, M., Bell, R., Wilkerson, R., et al. (2009). The Active Living by Design national program: community initiatives and lessons learned. American journal of preventive medicine, 37(6 Suppl 2), S313–S321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.027 Brownson, R. C., Chang, J. J., Eyler, A. A., et al. (2004). Measuring the Environment for Friendliness Toward Physical Activity: A Comparison of the Reliability of 3 Questionnaires. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.3.473 Brownson, R. C., Housemann, R. A., Brown, D. R., et al. (2000). Promoting physical activity in rural communities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18(3), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00165-8 Butler, E. N., Ambs, A. M. H., Reedy, J., & Bowles, H. R. (2011). Identifying GIS Measures of the Physical Activity Built Environment Through a Review of the Literature. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(s1), S91–S97. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s91 Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children’s physical activity—A review. Health & Place, 14(2), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004 Cassarino, M., Shahab, S., & Biscaya, S. (2021). Envisioning Happy Places for All: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Transformations in the Urban Environment on the Wellbeing of Vulnerable Groups. Sustainability, 13(14), 8086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148086 CDC. (2011). Impact of the Built Environment on Health. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/factsheets/impactofthebuiltenvironmentonhealth.pdf (accessed on 17 January 2024). Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1361-9209(97)00009-6 Cervero, R., & Radisch, C. (1996). Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Transport Policy, 3(3), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-070x(96)00016-9 Cervero, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Jacoby, E., et al. (2009). Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogotá. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(4), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314 Chipande, H. D. (2016). Mining for Goals. Radical History Review, 2016(125), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-3451736 Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa066082 Conner, M., McEachan, R., Jackson, C., et al. (2013). Moderating Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Relationship between Health Cognitions and Behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9481-y Craig, C. L., Brownson, R. C., Cragg, S. E., & Dunn, A. L. (2002). Exploring the effect of the environment on physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00472-5 Cunningham, G. O., & Michael, Y. L. (2004). Concepts Guiding the Study of the Impact of the Built Environment on Physical Activity for Older Adults: A Review of the Literature. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(6), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.6.435 De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Sallis, J. F., & Saelens, B. E. (2003). Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in a Sample of Belgian Adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.83 Deelen, I., Ettema, D., & Kamphuis, C. B. M. (2018). Sports participation in sport clubs, gyms or public spaces: How users of different sports settings differ in their motivations, goals, and sports frequency. PLOS ONE, 13(10), e0205198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198 Dickson, G., & Zhang, J. J. (2020). Sports and urban development: an introduction. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-11-2020-0194 Downward, P., Lera-López, F., & Rasciute, S. (2014). The correlates of sports participation in Europe. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(6), 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.880191 Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College. Eakins, J. (2018). An analysis of the determinants of sports participation and time spent in different sporting contexts. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(3), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1527713 Edwards, P., & Tsouros, A. D. (2008). A healthy city is an active city: a physical activity planning guide. World Health Organization. Eime, R. M., Harvey, J. T., Sawyer, N. A., et al. (2013). Understanding the Contexts of Adolescent Female Participation in Sport and Physical Activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84(2), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2013.784846 Eime, R. M., Sawyer, N., Harvey, J. T., et al. (2015). Integrating public health and sport management: Sport participation trends 2001–2010. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.004 Forsyth, A., Hearst, M., Oakes, J. M., & Schmitz, K. H. (2008). Design and Destinations: Factors Influencing Walking and Total Physical Activity. Urban Studies, 45(9), 1973–1996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008093386 Federico, B., Falese, L., Marandola, D., & Capelli, G. (2013). Socioeconomic differences in sport and physical activity among Italian adults. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.736630 Fei, W., Opoku, A., Agyekum, K., et al. (2021). The Critical Role of the Construction Industry in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Delivering Projects for the Common Good. Sustainability, 13(16), 9112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169112 Feng, S., Chen, L., Sun, R., et al. (2019). The Distribution and Accessibility of Urban Parks in Beijing, China: Implications of Social Equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 4894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244894 Fisher, J. E., Andersen, Z. J., Loft, S., & Pedersen, M. (2017). Opportunities and challenges within urban health and sustainable development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 25, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.08.008 Floyd, M. F., Spengler, J. O., Maddock, J. E.,et al. (2008). Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of Two U.S. Cities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.009 FRANCIS, S. (2005). Sport tourism destinations: the active sport tourist perspective. Sport Tourism Destinations, 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-5937-6.50013-4 Franzini, L., Taylor, W., Elliott, M. N.,et al. (2010). Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: Disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Health & Place, 16(2), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.10.009 Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002a). Socioeconomic Status Differences in Recreational Physical Activity Levels and Real and Perceived Access to a Supportive Physical Environment. Preventive Medicine, 35(6), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1115 Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002b). The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54(12), 1793–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00150-2 Giles-Corti, B., Macintyre, S., Clarkson, J. P.,et al. (2003). Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Perth, Australia. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.93 Giles-Corti, W. (1998). The relative influence of, and interaction between, environmental and individual determinants of recreational physical activity in sedentary workers and home makers. [Doctoral Thesis, The University of Western Australia]. Greenwald, M. J., & Boarnet, M. G. (2001). Built Environment as Determinant of Walking Behavior: Analyzing Nonwork Pedestrian Travel in Portland, Oregon. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1780(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.3141/1780-05 Grix, J., Brannagan, P. M., Grimes, H., & Neville, R. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1851285 Gul, Y., Sultan, Z., & Johar, F. (2016). Effects of neighborhood’s built environment on physical activities in gated communities: A review. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 3(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v3.n1.112 Hallmann, K., Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & Schönherr, L. (2012). Understanding the importance of sport infrastructure for participation in different sports – findings from multi-level modeling. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(5), 525–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.687756 Handy, S. (2005). Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Transportation Research Board and the Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use. Resource paper for TRB Special Report, 282(1), 1-81. Henander, B. (2019). Cities with the Most Extreme Weather. World Atlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-worlds-most-extreme-cities-wettest-driest-coldest-hottest-highest-isolated-least-accessible-and-windiest-cities.html Humpel, N. (2002). Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00426-3 Jiang, Z., & Lin, B. (2012). China’s energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process. Energy Policy, 49, 608–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.002 Kamphuis, C. B., Van Lenthe, F. J., Giskes, K.,et al. (2008). Socioeconomic status, environmental and individual factors, and sports participation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318158e467 Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106 Kemp, B. J., Cliff, D. P., Batterham, M., & Parrish, A. M. (2021). Socio-ecological predictors of non-organized physical activity participation and decline between childhood and adolescence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(2), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1808296 Keys, B. J. (2013). Globalizing Sport. Amsterdam University. Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., & Jung, T. (2018). Exploring consumer behavior in virtual reality tourism using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518818915 Kitamura, R., Mokhtarian, P. L., & Daidet, L. (1997). A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay area. Transportation, 24(2), 125–158. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1017959825565 Koch, N. (2018). Sports and the city. Geography Compass, 12(3), e12360. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12360 Kockelman, K. M. (1997). Travel behavior as function of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance: evidence from San Francisco Bay area. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1607(1), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.3141/1607-16 Kondo, K., Lee, J. S., Kawakubo, K.,et al. (2009). Association between daily physical activity and neighborhood environments. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 14(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0081-1 Kwon, Y. S., Lee, B. K., & Sohn, S. Y. (2020). Optimal location-allocation model for the installation of rooftop sports facilities in metropolitan areas. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1598454 Laborde, S., Guillén, F., & Mosley, E. (2016). Positive personality-trait-like individual differences in athletes from individual- and team sports and in non-athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.05.009 Lanrewaju, F. (2012). Urbanization, housing quality and environmental degeneration in Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(16), 422–429. https://doi.org/10.5897/jgrp12.060 Li, X. H., Liu, J. L., Gibson, V., & Zhu, Y. G. (2012). Urban sustainability and human health in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(4), 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.007 Linton, H. B. (1955). Dependence on external influence: Correlates in perception, attitudes, and judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046282 Lovasi, G. S., Hutson, M. A., Guerra, M., & Neckerman, K. M. (2009). Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiologic Reviews, 31(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxp005 Low, S., & Maguire, M. (2020). Public space during COVID‐19. Social Anthropology. Lynch, J., & Kaplan, G. (2000). Socioeconomic position (Vol. 2000, pp. 13-35). Social epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. Malfas, M., Theodoraki, E., & Houlihan, B. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, 157(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2004.157.3.209 Mangan, J. A. (2010). ‘Muscular, militaristic and manly’: The middle-class hero as moral messenger. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 27(1–2), 150–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360903339197 Marshall, W. E., & Garrick, N. (2011). Does street network design affect traffic safety? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.024 Martins, L. C. G., Lopes, M. V. D. O., Diniz, C. M., & Guedes, N. G. (2020). The factors related to a sedentary lifestyle: A meta‐analysis review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(3), 1188–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14669 Marzouk, M., & Othman, A. (2020). Planning utility infrastructure requirements for smart cities using the integration between BIM and GIS. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102120 Mason, D., Sant, S. L., & Soebbing, B. (2017). The peculiar economics of sports team ownership. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7(4), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2016-0067 McCormack, E., Rutherford, G. S., & Wilkinson, M. G. (2001). Travel impacts of mixed land use neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1780(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3141/1780-04 Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology. MIT. Mell, İ., & Whitten, M. (2021). Access to nature in a post COVID-19 world: Opportunities for green infrastructure financing, distribution and equitability in urban planning. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041527 Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2006). Creating community networks: Can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital? Managing Leisure, 11(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500445676 Nagel, C. L., Carlson, N. E., Bosworth, M., & Michael, Y. L. (2008). The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(4), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn158 Nagoya, R., Bernarto, I., Antonio, F., et al. (2021). Exploring intention to enroll university using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/exploring-intention-to-enroll-university-using-an-extended-stimulusorganismresponse-model.pdf Neckerman, K. M., Lovasi, G. S., Davies, S., et al. (2009). Disparities in urban neighborhood conditions: evidence from GIS measures and field observation in New York City. Journal of Public Health Policy, 30(S1), S264–S285. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2008.47 Park, J. H., Moon, J., Kim, H. J., et al. (2020). Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 41(6), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165 Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J. W. (1981). The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care, 19(2), 127–140. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3764310 Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., et al. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854 Pikora, T., Giles-Corti, B., Bull, F., et al. (2003). Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. Social Science & Medicine, 56(8), 1693–1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00163-6 Poulsen, A. A., Ziviani, J. M., Cuskelly, M., & Smith, R. (2007). Boys with developmental coordination disorder: Loneliness and team sports participation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.4.451 Poynter, G., Viehoff, V., & Li, Y. (2018). The London Olympics and Urban Development: The Mega-Event City. Routledge. Pozoukidou, G., & Chatziyiannaki, Z. (2021). 15-Minute City: Decomposing the new urban planning eutopia. Sustainability, 13(2), 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020928 Ranjbarnia, B., Kamelifar, M. J., & Masoumi, H. E. (2022). The association between active mobility and subjective wellbeing during COVID-19 in MENA Countries. Healthcare, 10(9), 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091603 Rappaport, J., & Wilkerson, C. (2001). What are the benefits of hosting a major league sports franchise? Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 86(1), 55-86. Ren, X. (2008). Architecture and nation building in the age of globalization: Construction of the national stadium of Beijing for the 2008 Olympics. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00386.x Rhodes, R. E., Brown, S. G., & McIntyre, C. A. (2006). Integrating the perceived neighborhood environment and the theory of planned behavior when predicting walking in a Canadian adult sample. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-21.2.110 Richards, G., & Duif, L. (2018). Small cities with big dreams. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351201193 Riess, S. A. (1991). City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports (Sport and Society). University of Illinois Press. Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization Robroek, S. J., Reeuwijk, K. G., Hillier, F. C., et al. (2013). The contribution of overweight, obesity, and lack of physical activity to exit from paid employment: a meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 39(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3354 Ruwald, A. C., Marcus, F., Estes, N. M., et al. (2015). Association of competitive and recreational sport participation with cardiac events in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: results from the North American multidisciplinary study of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal, 36(27), 1735–1743. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv110 Ryan, D. H., Ravussin, E., & Heymsfield, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the patient with obesity – the editors speak out. Obesity, 28(5), 847. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22808 Sabiston, C. M., O’Loughlin, E., Brunet, J., et al. (2013). Linking depression symptom trajectories in adolescence to physical activity and team sports participation in young adults. Preventive Medicine, 56(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.11.013 Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2502_03 Sallis, J. F., Adlakha, D., Oyeyemi, A., & Salvo, D. (2020). An international physical activity and public health research agenda to inform coronavirus disease-2019 policies and practices. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 328–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.005 Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R., et al. (1990). Distance between homes and exercise facilities related to frequency of exercise among San Diego residents. Public Health Reports, 105(2), 179. Sánchez, F., & Broudehoux, A.-M. (2013). Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2013.839450 Scheerder, J., & Vos, S. (2011). Social stratification in adults’ sports participation from a time-trend perspective results from a 40-year household study. European Journal for Sport and Society, 8(1–2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2011.11687868 Shanahan, D., Cox, D., Fuller, R.,et al. (2017). Variation in experiences of nature across gradients of tree cover in compact and sprawling cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.004 Shay, E., Rodriguez, D. A., Cho, G., et al. (2009). Comparing objective measures of environmental supports for pedestrian travel in adults. International Journal of Health Geographics, 8(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-8-62 Shoari, N., Ezzati, M., Baumgartner, J., et al. (2020). Accessibility and allocation of public parks and gardens in England and Wales: A COVID-19 social distancing perspective. PloS One, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241102 Slater, S. J., Christiana, R. W., & Gustat, J. (2020). Recommendations for keeping parks and green space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200204 Smith, A. (2010). The development of “sports-city” zones and their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas. European Planning Studies, 18(3), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903497702 Sotiriadou, K. P. (2009). The Australian sport system and its stakeholders: development of cooperative relationships. Sport in Society, 12(7), 842–860. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430903053067 Steenhuis, I. H., Nooy, S. B., Moes, M. J., & Schuit, A. J. (2009). Financial barriers and pricing strategies related to participation in sports activities: The perceptions of people of low income. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(6), 716–721. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.6.716 Stodolska, M., Shinew, K. J., Acevedo, J. C., & Izenstark, D. (2011). Perceptions of urban parks as havens and contested terrains by Mexican-Americans in Chicago neighborhoods. Leisure Sciences, 33(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.550220 Strath, S., Isaacs, R., & Greenwald, M. J. (2007). Operationalizing environmental indicators for physical activity in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15(4), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.15.4.412 Thidemann, A., & Rekdal, K. E. (2016). Treningssenterbransjen 2016. VIRKE Trening. Tilt, J. H., Unfried, T. M., & Roca, B. (2007). Using objective and subjective measures of neighborhood greenness and accessible destinations for understanding walking trips and BMI in Seattle, Washington. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(4), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.371 Timperio, A., Crawford, D., Telford, A., & Salmon, J. (2004). Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine, 38(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026 Titze, S., Stronegger, W. J., Janschitz, S., & Oja, P. (2007). Environmental, social, and personal correlates of cycling for transportation in a student population. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 4(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.1.66 Troped, P. J., Saunders, R. P., Pate, R. R., et al. (2001). Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0788 Troped, P. J., Wilson, J. S., Matthews, C. E., et al. (2010). The built environment and location-based physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.032 Trost, S. G., Owen, N., Bauman, A. E., et al. (2002). Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Medicine & Science in Sports & exercise, 34(12), 1996-2001. Tucker, P., & Gilliland, J. (2007). The effect of season and weather on physical activity: A systematic review. Public Health, 121(12), 909–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.009 Unterman, R. (1987). Changing design standards for streets and roads. Public Streets for Public Use, 255-260. Van Dyck, D., Sallis, J. F., Cardon, G., et al. (2013). Associations of neighborhood characteristics with active park use: an observational study in two cities in the USA and Belgium. International Journal of Health Geographics, 12(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-12-26 Veal, A. J., Toohey, K., & Frawley, S. (2012). The sport participation legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and other international sporting events hosted in Australia. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 4(2), 155–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2012.662619 Wang, K., & Wang, X. (2020). Providing Sports Venues on Mainland China: Implications for Promoting Leisure-Time Physical Activity and National Fitness Policies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145136 Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2012). Micro and macro level determinants of sport participation. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781211207665 Wilcox, S. (2000). Determinants of leisure time physical activity in rural compared with urban older and ethnically diverse women in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54(9), 667–672. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.9.667 Wohlwill, J. F. (1976). Environmental Aesthetics: The Environment as a Source of Affect. Human Behavior and Environment, 37–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2550-5_2 Wood, W. (2000). Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 539–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.539 Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban Parks as Green Buffers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12(17), 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176751 Xiong, H. (2007). The evolution of urban society and social changes in sports participation at the grassroots in China. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42(4), 441–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690208089836 Yoo, S., & Kim, D. H. (2017). Perceived urban neighborhood environment for physical activity of older adults in Seoul, Korea: A multimethod qualitative study. Preventive Medicine, 103, S90–S98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.033 Zimbardo, P. G., & Leippe, M. R. (1991). The psychology of attitude change and social influence (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.