The PPP scholarly work has effectively explored the material values attached to PPPs such as efficiency of services, value for money and productivity, but little attention has been paid to procedural public values. This paper aims to address this gap by exploring how Enfidha Airport in Tunisia failed to achieve both financial and procedural values that were expected from delivering the airport via the PPP route, and what coping strategies the public and private sectors deployed to ameliorate any resultant value conflicts. Based on the analysis of Enfidha Airport, it is argued that PPP projects are likely to fail to deliver financial and procedural values when the broader institutional context is not supportive of PPP arrangements, and when political and security risks are not adequately counted for during the bidding process.

Alam Q, Kabir MD and Chaudhri V (2014). “Managing infrastructure projects in Australia: A shift from a contractual to a collaborative public management strategy”. Administration and Society, 46(4): 422–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997124597

Al-Jareeda (2017, February 3). Iiidrabat Almuazafin Mustamirat fi Matar Alnafidat Watuhadid Al’iidara [Employees’ Strikes at Enfidha Airport Continue and Management Threatens].

Al-Sabah (2013, February 28). Aeda’ Albarlaman Qaliqun Min Tahdidat Safaqat Alshirakat Bayn Alqitaeayn Aleami Walkhasi [Members of Parliament Worried about the Threats of PPP Deals].

Al-Shahid (2019, November 13). Taf Yashrah ‘Iieadat Haykalat Aitifaqiat Aimtiaz Alnafidat Alministir [Tav Explains the Re-Structuring of Enfidha-Monastir Concession Agreement].

Al-Shourouq (2013, April 26). Matar Alnafidat: Al’iidarat Tusaeid Almawqif Watuhadid Almuazafin Bitanzim ‘Iidrab [Enfidha Airport: Management Escalates the Situation and Employees Threaten to Organize a Strike].

Al-Tunisia (2014, May 24). Natayij Bahthiat Min Taqrir Alniqabat Altuwnisiat Tuhadhir Min Alshirakat Bayn Alqitaeayn Aleami Walkhasi Watahdidiha Lil’amn Alqawmii Wahuquq Almuazafin [Research Findings from the Tunisian Trade Union Report Warn Against PPPs and Their Threat to National Security and Employees’ Rights].

Amicucci C and Stoyanova D (2012). Ben Ali’s Airport. How IFIs Helped Build the Last Useless Infrastructure Project of the Tunisian Regime. https://silo.tips/download/ben-ali-s-airport-how-ifis-helped-build-the-last-useless-infrastructure-project

Ben Abda M (2009). Enfidha Zin Elabidine Ben Ali International Airport Tunisia. https://pdfhall.com/enfidha-zine-el-abidine-ben-ali-international-airport-tunisia-mit_598c0a581723dd5976c7e8cb.html

Benmansour NA (2016). “Public-private partnership in Tunisia: Enfidha Airport assessment of an infrastructure achievement”. International Journal of Public Administration, 39(7): 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1004087

Bouazza R (2019, November 17). “Turkish management of Tunisia’s Enfidha Airport stirs controversy”. The Arab Weekly. https://thearabweekly.com/turkish-management-tunisias-enfidha-airport-stirs-controversy

Bozeman B (2007). Public Values and Public Interest: Counterbalancing Economic Individualism. Georgetown University Press.

Chandoul J and Gondard C (2019). Failure to Fly: Challenges and Lessons Learned from Public-Private Partnerships in Tunisia. www.eurodad.org/failuretofly

De Graaf G, Huberts L and Smulders R (2016). “Coping with public value conflicts”. Administration & Society 48(9): 1101–1127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399714532273

Grimsey D and Lewis M (2002). “Evaluating the risks of public-private partnerships for infrastructure projects”. International Journal of Project Management, 20(2): 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00040-5

International Finance Corporation (IFC) (2009). IFC Makes €28 Million Equity Investment in Tunisia Airport Projects. https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=23899#:~:text=IFC%20Makes%20%E2%82%AC28%20Million%20Equity%20Investment%20in%20Tunisia%20Airport%20Projects,-Washington%2C%20D.C.%2C%20%2F&text=The%20Monastir%20and%20Enfidha%20projects,Tunisia%20and%20the%20broader%20region

Jlassi K, Ftiti Z and Chaibi H (2015). “The Tunisian tourism business: What we learn about the European demand?”. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(6): 1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i6.9476

Ke Y, Jefferies M, Shrestha A and Jin X (2014). “Public private partnership in China: Where to from here”. Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: An International Journal, 6(3): 1156–1162.

Lanouar C and Goaied M (2018). “Tourism, terrorism and political violence in Tunisia: Evidence from Markov-switching models”. Tourism Management, 70: 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.002

Malgas I, Gratwick K and Eberhard A (2007). “Two of a kind: Lessons from Tunisian independent power projects”. The Journal of North African Studies, 12(4): 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629380701307126

MEED (2002, February 15). “Airport nears take off”. Middle East Economic Digest, 46(7): 14.

MEED (2004a, July 30). “Enfidha BTO tender out”. Middle East Economic Digest, 48(31): 14.

MEED (2004b, December 3). “Enfidha goes to bid”. Middle East Economic Digest, 48(49): 16.

MEED (2005a, February 18). “Enfidha BTO delayed”. Middle East Economic Digest, 49(7): 30.

MEED (2005b, February 18). “Enfidha airport on hold”. Middle East Economic Digest, 49(16): 30.

MEED (2005c, September 9). “Frontrunners emerge for Enfidha airport”. Middle East Economic Digest, 49(36): 24.

MEED (2006, September 29). “Tunis revives Enfidha: Six invited on BTO job”. Middle East Economic Digest, 50(39): 24.

MEED (2007, January 26). “Two set to bid for Enfidha airport project”. Middle East Economic Digest, 51(4): 19.

Meziou A (2013). “The PPP law reform in Tunisia: What changes will be introduced in the legal framework?”. European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review, 8(4): 324–337.

National News (2020). Aitifaq Litaqdim Ruyat Jadidat Wahulul Eamaliat Litatwir Mataray Alnafidat Walmonistir [Agreement to Provide a New Vision and Practical Solutions to Develop Enfidha and Monastir Airports].

OECD (2010). Progress in Public Management in the Middle East and North Africa: Case Studies on Policy Reform. https://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/48634338.pdf

OECD (2014). Public-Private Partnerships in the Middle East and North Africa A Handbook for Policy Makers. https://www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/PPP%20Handbook_EN_with_covers.pdf

Okwilagwe O (2017). “Towards rethinking public–private partnership implementation: Insights from the nigerian context”. In: Leitão J, de Morais Sarmento E and Aleluia J (Eds.), The Emerald Handbook of Public–Private Partnerships in Developing and Emerging Economies, pp, 465–487. Emerald Publishing Limited.

Reynaers M and Graaf G (2014). “Public values in public–private partnerships”. International Journal of Public Administration, 37(2): 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.836665

Reynaers A (2013). “Public values in public-private partnerships”. Public Administration Review, 74(1): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12137

Steenhuisen B and van Eeten M (2008). “Invisible trade-offs of public values: inside dutch railways”. Public Money & Management, 28(3): 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2008.00636.x

Stewart J (2006). Value conflict and policy change. Review of Policy Research, 23: 183–195.

Spicer MW (2009). “Value conflict and legal reasoning in public administration”. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 314: 537–555. https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806310405

Talbot C (2006). Applying Public Value to Public Administration Reform in Macedonia (Occasional paper). Centre for Public Policy & Management, Manchester Business School.

TAV (2010). TAV Airports Holding: Nine-month 2010 Financial Results.

https://ir.tav.aero/uploads/documents/28492016054945_1101_announcementofresultsfortheninemonthperiodended30september2010.pdf

TAV (2011). 2011 First Half Financial and Operation Results.

https://ir.tav.aero/uploads/documents/28492016054931_1096_announcementofresultsforthesixmonthperiodended30june2011.pdf

TAV (2020). 2020 First Half Financial and Operational Results. https://ir.tav.aero/uploads/documents/1H20%20Financial%20Results%20Presentation.pdf

The World Bank (2022a). Doing Business Report. https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/doingbusiness

_______ (2022b). PPP Knowledge Lab. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/ppp-knowledge-lab

Transparency International (2010). https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/tunisia#

Weihe G (2008). “Public-private partnerships and public-private value trade-offs”. Public Money and Management, 28(3): 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2008.00637.x

Wettenhall R (2003). “The rhetoric and reality of public-private partnerships”. Public Organization Review, 3: 77–107. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023000128175

World Bank Governance Indicators (2022). https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/

World Bank Group (2014). The Unfinished Revolution: Bringing Opportunity, Good jobs and Greater Wealth to all Tunisians. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/MNA/tunisia_report/tunisia_report_the_unfinished_revolution_eng_synthesis.pdf

_______ (2022). World Bank Data. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators

Yin R (2014). Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks.