The potential emergence of mid-tier transit
Vol 7, Issue 1, 2023
VIEWS - 3030 (Abstract)
Abstract
This paper reviews the emerging potential of mid-tier transit, articulating how a complex set of established and new factors could contribute both to better transit outcomes and the associated urban regeneration around station precincts. The analysis is based on two structured literature reviews, supported by insights from the authors’ original research. The first provides an overview of the established and new rationale for mid-tier technologies such as the established Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) as well as the new Trackless Tram Systems (TTS). The established role for mid-tier transit is now being given extra reasons for it to be a major focus of urban infrastructure especially due to the need for net zero cities. The second review, is a detailed consideration of established and new factors that can potentially improve patronage on mid-tier transit. The established factors of urban precinct design like stop amenities and improved accessibility and density around stations, are combined with new smart technology systems like advanced intelligent transport systems and real-time transport information for travellers, as well as new transport technologies such as micro-mobility and Mobility on Demand. Also explored are new processes with funding and development models that properly leverage land value capture, public private partnerships, and other entrepreneurial development approaches that are still largely not mainstreamed. All were found to potentially work, especially if done together, to help cities move into greater mid-tier transit.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
- Abduljabbar RL, Liyanage S and Dia H (2021). “The role of micro-mobility in shaping sustainable cities: A systematic literature review”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92: 102734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102734
- Alyavina E, Nikitas A and Njoya ET (2022). “Mobility as a service (MaaS): A thematic map of challenges and opportunities”. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 43: 100783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100783
- An D, Tong X, Liu K, et al. (2019). “Understanding the impact of built environment on metro ridership using open source in Shanghai”. Cities, 93: 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.013
- AQUIS Innovo (2016). Smart Bus Stop. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiJsV54m9xI
- Arrington GB and Cervero R (2008). “Effects of TOD on housing, parking, and travel”. TCRP Report, no. 128. Transportation Research Board.
- Australasian Railway Association (2021). The Renaissance of Light Rail Report. https://ara.net.au/wp-content/uploads/The_Renaissance_of_Light_Rail.pdf
- Aveline-Dubach N and Blandeau G (2019). “The political economy of transit value capture: The changing business model of the MTRC in Hong Kong”. Urban Studies, 56(16): 3415–3431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018821519
- Boarnet MG, Giuliano G, Hou Y, et al. (2017). “First/last mile transit access as an equity planning issue”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 103: 296–310. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.06.011
- Bocarejo JP, Portilla I and Pérez MA (2013). “Impact of Transmilenio on density, land use, and land value in Bogotá”. Research in Transportation Economics, 40(1): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.06.030
- Brakewood C and Watkins K (2019). “A literature review of the passenger benefits of real-time transit information”. Transport Reviews, 39(3): 327–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2018.1472147
- C. E. D. Transport for NSW (2022). AnyTrip. http://transportnsw.info/apps/anytrip
- Cao Z, Zhang X, Chua K, et al. (2021). “E-scooter sharing to serve short-distance transit trips: A Singapore case”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 147: 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.004
- Cervero R (2007). “Transit-oriented development’s ridership bonus: A product of self-selection and public policies”. Environment and Planning A, 39(9): 2068–2085. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38377
- Cervero R and Dai D (2014). “BRT TOD: Leveraging transit oriented development with bus rapid transit investments”. Transport Policy, 36: 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.08.001
- Cervero R and Guerra E (2011). Urban Densities and Transit: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mb598qr
- Chatman DG (2013). “Does TOD need the T? On the importance of factors other than rail access”. Journal of the American Planning Association, 79(1): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2013.791008
- Childers DL, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, et al. (2015). “An ecology for cities: A transformational nexus of design and ecology to advance climate change resilience and urban sustainability”. Sustainability, 7(4): 3774–3791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7043774
- Chi‐Man Hui E, Sze‐Mun Ho V and Kim‐Hin Ho D (2004). “Land value capture mechanisms in Hong Kong and Singapore: A comparative analysis”. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 22(1): 76–100. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635780410525153
- Chowdhury S, Zhai K and Khan A (2016). “The effects of access and accessibility on public transport users’ attitudes”. Journal of public Transportation, 19(1): 97–113. http://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.19.1.7
- Cruz R, Jardim J, Mira J, et al. (2018). Smart Rail for Smart Mobility. 2018 16th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Telecommunications (ITST), Lisboa. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITST.2018.8566842
- Currie G and De Gruyter C (2016). “Exploring performance outcomes and regulatory contexts of Light Rail in Australia and the US”. Research in Transportation Economics, 59: 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.07.012
- Davies-Slate S and Newman P (2018). “Partnerships for private transit investment—The history and practice of private transit infrastructure with a case study in Perth, Australia”. Urban Science, 2(3): 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030084
- De Gruyter C and Currie G (2018). Valuing Public Transport Customer Amenities: A Survey of Practice across Australasian and International Transit Agencies [Conference presentation]. 40th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Darwin, Australia. https://apo.org.au/node/220646
- Du M and Cheng L (2018). “Better understanding the characteristics and influential factors of different travel patterns in free-floating bike sharing: Evidence from Nanjing, China”. Sustainability, 10(4): 1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041244
- Du Plessis C and Brandon P (2015). “An ecological worldview as basis for a regenerative sustainability paradigm for the built environment”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 109: 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.098
- Dziauddin MF (2019). “Estimating land value uplift around light rail transit stations in Greater Kuala Lumpur: An empirical study based on geographically weighted regression (GWR)”. Research in Transportation Economics, 74: 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2019.01.003
- Dziekan K and Vermeulen A (2006). “Psychological effects of and design preferences for real-time information displays”. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.9.1.1
- Fan Y, Guthrie A and Levinson D (2016). “Waiting time perceptions at transit stops and stations: Effects of basic amenities, gender, and security”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 88: 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.04.012
- Ganning J and Miller MM (2020). “Transit oriented development and retail: Is variation in success explained by a gap between theory and practice?”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85: 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102357
- Gibbons LV (2020). “Regenerative—The new sustainable?”. Sustainability, 12(13): 5483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135483
- Giesecke R, Surakka R and Hakonen R (2016). Conceptualising Mobility as a Service [Conference presentation]. 2016 Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), Monte Carlo. https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2016.7476443
- Girardet H (2014). “Creating regenerative cities: Introduction”. In: Creating Regenerative Cities. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315764375
- Gkiotsalitis K, Cats O and Liu T (2023). “A review of public transport transfer synchronisation at the real-time control phase”. Transport Reviews, 43(1): 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2035014
- Glazebrook G and Newman P (2018). “The city of the future”. Urban Planning, 3(2): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i2.1247
- Gohar A and Nencioni G (2021). “The role of 5G technologies in a smart city: The case for intelligent transportation system”. Sustainability, 13(9): 5188. https://doi.orh/10.3390/su13095188
- Guzman LA and Cardona SG (2021). “Density-oriented public transport corridors: Decoding their influence on BRT ridership at station-level and time-slot in Bogotá”. Cities, 110: 103071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103071
- Huang W and Wey WM (2019). “Green urbanism embedded in TOD for urban built environment planning and design”. Sustainability, 11(19): 5293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195293
- Huwer U (2004). “Public transport and car-sharing—Benefits and effects of combined services”. Transport Policy, 11(1): 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2003.08.002
- Ibraeva A, de Almeida Correia GH, Silva C, et al. (2020). “Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132: 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.018
- Iseki H and Taylor BD (2010). “Style versus service? An analysis of user perceptions of transit stops and stations”. Journal of Public Transportation, 13(3): 23–48. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.13.3.2
- Jäppinen S, Toivonen T and Salonen M (2013). “Modelling the potential effect of shared bicycles on public transport travel times in Greater Helsinki: An open data approach”. Applied Geography, 43: 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.010
- Jeffrey D, Boulangé C, Giles-Corti B, et al. (2019). “Using walkability measures to identify train stations with the potential to become transit oriented developments located in walkable neighbourhoods”. Journal of Transport Geography, 76: 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.009
- Ji Y, Gao L, Fan Y, et al. (2019). “Waiting time perceptions at bus and metro stations in Nanjing, China: The importance of station amenities, trip contexts, and passenger characteristics”. Transportation Letters, 11(9): 479–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2017.1398854
- Juniper Research (2021). Mobility-as-a-Service. https://www.juniperresearch.com/researchstore/key-vertical-markets/maas-mobility-as-a-service-market-research-report
- Kadam AJ, Patil V, Kaith K, et al. (2018). Developing a Smart Bus for Smart City Using IOT Technology [Conference presentation]. 2018 Second International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECA.2018.8474819
- Kiela K, Barzdenas V, Jurgo M, et al. (2020). “Review of V2X–IoT standards and frameworks for ITS applications”. Applied Sciences, 10(12): 4314. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124314
- Kim JY, Bartholomew K and Ewing R (2020). “Another one rides the bus? The connections between bus stop amenities, bus ridership, and ADA paratransit demand”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 135: 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.03.019
- Knowles RD and Ferbrache F (2016). “Evaluation of wider economic impacts of light rail investment on cities”. Journal of Transport Geography, 54: 430–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.09.002
- _______ (2019). Transit Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities: Economics, Community and Methods. Edward Elgar Publishing. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=5790808
- Lagune-Reutler M, Guthrie A, Fan Y, et al. (2016). “Transit stop environments and waiting time perception: Impacts of trees, traffic exposure, and polluted air”. Transportation Research Record, 2543(1): 82–90. https://doi.org/10.3141/2543-09
- Laham ML and Noland RB (2017). “Nonwork trips associated with transit-oriented development”. Transportation Research Record, 2606(1): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.3141/2606-06
- Lawrie I (2020). “Transport equity considerations of a ‘Trackless Tram-Entrepreneur Rail Model’”. Australian Planner, 56(4): 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2020.1854799
- Li X and Love PE (2019). “Employing land value capture in urban rail transit public private partnerships: Retrospective analysis of Delhi’s airport metro express”. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 32: 100431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100431
- _______ (2022). “Procuring urban rail transit infrastructure by integrating land value capture and public-private partnerships: Learning from the cities of Delhi and Hong Kong”. Cities, 122: 103545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103545
- Li X, Love PE, Luo H, et al. (2022). “A systemic model for implementing land value capture to support urban rail transit infrastructure projects”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 156: 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.12.010
- Liu T, Ceder AA, Ma J and Guan W (2014). “CBVC-B: A system for synchronizing public-transport transfers using vehicle-to-vehicle communication”. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 138: 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.201
- Mathur S (2019). “An evaluative framework for examining the use of land value capture to fund public transportation projects”. Land Use Policy, 86: 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.021
- McCallum E (2021). What is Mobility on Demand (aka MoD)?. https://www.liftango.com/resources/what-is-mobility-on-demand
- McIntosh J, Trubka R and Newman P (2014). “Can value capture work in a car dependent city? Willingness to pay for transit access in Perth, Western Australia”. Transportation research Part A: Policy and Practice, 67: 320–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.07.008
- Miao Q, Welch E and Sriraj PS (2016). Decision Analysis to Address Extreme Weather: Extreme Weather Effects on Ridership and Modeling the Decision to Invest in Canopy Coverage. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/31626
- Midgley P (2009). “The role of smart bike-sharing systems in urban mobility”. Journeys, 2: 23–31.
- Milakis D, Gedhardt L, Ehebrecht D, et al. (2020). “Is micro-mobility sustainable? An overview of implications for accessibility, air pollution, safety, physical activity and subjective wellbeing”. Handbook of Sustainable Transport, 10: 180–189. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789900477.00030
- Moran ME (2022). “Are shelters in place? Mapping the distribution of transit amenities via a bus-stop census of San Francisco”. Journal of Public Transportation, 24: 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2022.100023
- Mueller N, Rojas-Rueda D, Khreis H, et al. (2020). “Changing the urban design of cities for health: The superblock model”. Environment International, 134: 105132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105132
- Nápoles VMP, Páez DG, Penelas JL, et al. (2020). Bus Stops as a Tool for Increasing Social Inclusiveness in Smart Cities [Conference presentation]. Smart Cities: Second Ibero-American Congress, ICSC-CITIES 2019, Soria, Spain. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38889-8_17
- Nawrocki J, Nakagawa D, Matsunaka R, et al. (2014). “Measuring walkability and its effect on light rail usage: A comparative study of the USA and Japan”. Urban Transport XX, 138(305): 12. https://doi.org/10.2495/UT140261
- Ndlovu V and Newman P (2021). “How would the Trackless Tram System and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) apply to Bulawayo?”. Current Urban Studies, 9(1): 17–30. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2021.91002
- Nesheli MM and Ceder A (2015). “Improved reliability of public transportation using real-time transfer synchronization”. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 60: 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.10.006
- Nesheli MM, Ceder A and Liu T (2015). “A robust, tactic-based, real-time framework for public-transport transfer synchronization”. Transportation Research Procedia, 9: 246–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.07.014
- Newman P (2014). “Density, the sustainability multiplier: Some myths and truths with application to Perth, Australia”. Sustainability, 6(9): 6467–6487. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6096467
- _______ (2017). “Transport priorities shaping the urban fabric: New methods and tools”. Methods for Sustainability Research, pp. 17–31. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432735.00010
- _______ (2021). “The Perth Rail Revival (1979–2019)”. Australian Railway History, pp. 16–25.
- Newman P and Kenworthy J (2015). The End of Automobile Dependence: How Cities Are Moving Beyond Car-Based Planning. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-613-4
- _______ (2021). “Gasoline consumption and cities revisited: What have we learnt?” Current Urban Studies, 9: 532–553. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2021.93032
- Newman P, Davies-Slate S and Jones E (2018). “The Entrepreneur Rail Model: Funding urban rail through majority private investment in urban regeneration”. Research in Transportation Economics, 67: 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2017.04.005.
- Newman P, Davies-Slate S, Conley D, et al. (2021). “From TOD to TAC: Why and how transport and urban policy needs to shift to regenerating main road corridors with new transit systems”. Urban Science, 5(3): 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030052
- Newman P, Hargroves K, Desha C, et al. (2021). “Introducing the 21st Century Boulevard: A post-COVID response to urban regeneration of main road corridors”. Current Urban Studies, 9: 831–854. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2021.94049
- Newman P, Kosonen L and Kenworthy J (2016). “Theory of urban fabrics: Planning the walking, transit/public transport and automobile/motor car cities for reduced car dependency”. Town Planning Review, 87(4): 429–458. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2016.28
- Newman PWG (2023). “Net zero in the maelstrom: Professional practice for net zero in a time of turbulent change”. Sustainability, 15(6): 4810. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064810
- Newton PW, Newman PWG, Glackin S and Thomson G (2022). “Transport and urban fabrics: Moving from TODs to TACs with greyfield regeneration”. In: Greening the Greyfields: New Models for Regenerating the Middle Suburbs of Low-Density Cities, pp. 89–103. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6238-6_4
- Oeschger G, Carroll P and Caulfield B (2020). “Micromobility and public transport integration: The current state of knowledge”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 89: 102628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102628
- Padrón Nápoles VM, Gachet Páez D, Esteban Penelas JL, et al. (2020). “Smart bus stops as interconnected public spaces for increasing social inclusiveness and quality of life of elder users”. Smart Cities, 3(2): 430–443. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3020023
- Pan H, Li J, Shen Q, et al. (2017). “What determines rail transit passenger volume? Implications for transit oriented development planning”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 57: 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.016
- Pangbourne K, Mladenović MN, Stead D, et al. (2020). “Questioning mobility as a service: Unanticipated implications for society and governance”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 131: 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.033
- Park K, Farb A and Chen S (2021). “First-/last-mile experience matters: The influence of the built environment on satisfaction and loyalty among public transit riders”. Transport Policy, 112: 32–42. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.08.003
- Polydoropoulou A, Pagoni I, Tsirimpa A, et al. (2020). “Prototype business models for Mobility-as-a-Service”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 131: 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.035
- Poon STF (2021). “Designing for urban mobility: The role of digital media applications in increasing efficiency of intelligent transportation management system”. In: Khan MA, Algarni F and Quasim MT (Eds.), Smart Cities: A Data Analytics Perspective. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60922-1_9
- Prandi C, Nisi V and Nunes N. Bus Stops as Interactive Touchpoints: Improving Engagement and Use of Public Transport [Conference presentation]. Proceedings of the 12th Biannual Conference on Italian SIGCHI Chapter, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3125571.3125593
- Reed B (2007). “Shifting from ‘sustainability’ to regeneration”. Building Research & Information, 35(6): 674–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701475753
- Rodriguez DA and Targa F (2004). “Value of accessibility to Bogotá’s bus rapid transit system”. Transport Review, 24(5): 587–610. Saelens BE and Handy SL (2008). “Built environment correlates of walking: A review”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(7 Suppl): S550. http://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4
- Saif MA, Zefreh MM and Torok A (2019). “Public transport accessibility: A literature review”. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 47(1): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.12072
- Salon D and Shewmake S (2011). Opportunities for Value Capture to Fund Public Transport: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature with a Focus on East Asia (SSRN Scholarly Paper 1753302). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1753302
- Seredynski M and Viti F (2016). A Survey of Cooperative Its for Next Generation Public Transport Systems [Conference presentation]. 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2016.7795714
- Shaheen S and Chan N (2016). “Mobility and the sharing economy: Potential to facilitate the first-and last-mile public transit connections”. Built Environment, 42(4): 573–588. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.42.4.573
- Sharma R and Newman P (2020). “Land value capture tools: Integrating transit and land use through finance to enable economic value creation”. Modern Economy, 11(4): 938–964. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2020.114070
- Shen LY, Platten A and Deng XP (2006). “Role of public private partnerships to manage risks in public sector projects in Hong Kong”. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7): 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.006
- Smith G, Sochor J and Karlsson IM (2022). “Adopting Mobility-as-a-Service: An empirical analysis of end-users’ experiences”. Travel Behaviour and Society, 28: 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.04.001
- Spieser K, Treleaven K, Zhang R, et al. (2014). Toward a systematic approach to the design and evaluation of automated mobility-on-demand systems: A case study in Singapore. In: Meyer G and Beiker S (Eds.), Road Vehicle Automation. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_20
- Su S, Zhao C, Zhou H, et al. (2022). “Unraveling the relative contribution of TOD structural factors to metro ridership: A novel localized modeling approach with implications on spatial planning”. Journal of Transport Geography, 100: 103308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103308
- Sulikova S and Brand C (2021). “Investigating what makes people walk or cycle using a socio-ecological approach in seven European cities”. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 83: 351–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.10.008
- Sumalee A and Ho HW (2018). “Smarter and more connected: Future intelligent transportation system”. Iatss Research, 42(2): 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2018.05.005
- Sun S, Fang D and Cao J (2020). “Exploring the asymmetric influences of stop attributes on rider satisfaction with bus stops”. Travel Behaviour and Society, 19: 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.01.004
- Sungur C, Babaoglu I and Sungur A (2015). Smart Bus Station-Passenger Information System [Conference presentation]. 2015 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISCE.2015.209
- Sutar SH, Koul R and Suryavanshi R (2016). Integration of Smart Phone and IOT for Development of Smart Public Transportation System. 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA), Pune. https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTA.2016.7562698
- Thomson G and Newman P (2018a). “Cities and the Anthropocene: Urban governance for the new era of regenerative cities”. Urban Studies, 57(7): 1502–1519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018779769
- _______ (2018b). “Urban fabrics and urban metabolism—From sustainable to regenerative cities”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132: 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.010
- Utriainen R and Pöllänen M (2018). “Review on mobility as a service in scientific publications”. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 27: 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2018.10.005.
- Vakula D and Raviteja B (2017). Smart Public Transport for Smart Cities. 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS), Palladam. https://doi.org10.1109/ISS1.2017.8389288
- Verschuer M (2020). Frequently Asked Questions and the Myths of Trackless Trams. Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre, Australia, pp. 1–19. https://sbenrc.com.au/app/uploads/2020/06/FAQs-report-on-Trackless-Trams-11-May-2020.pdf
- Vij A and Dühr S (2022). “The commercial viability of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS): What’s in it for existing transport operators, and why should governments intervene?”. Transport Reviews, 42(5): 695–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2028032
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v7i1.1659
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jay Wood, Marie Verschuer, Dean Economou, Peter Newman

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.