Although public-private partnership (PPP) is regarded as one of the key effective tools in the development of many countries, various challenges surrounding PPPs are not well understood. This paper explores nine key challenges in PPP implementation: (1) different organizational cultures and goals between the partners, (2) poor institutional environment and support, (3) weak political and legal frameworks, (4) unreliable mechanisms for sharing risk and responsibility, (5) inadequate procedures for the selection of PPP partners, (6) inconsistency between resource inputs and quality, (7) inadequate monitoring and evaluation of PPP processes, (8) lack of transparency, and (9) the inherent nature of PPPs. This paper aims to provide the perceptions in the existing literature on many of these challenges, as well as provide solutions to each challenge. 

1. Brogaard L and Petersen OH (2017). “Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in development policy: Ex-ploring the concept and practice”. Development Policy Review, 36(S2): 729–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12277
2. Carbonara N and Pelligrino R (2018). “Revenue guarantee in public-private partnerships: A win-win model”. Construction Management and Economics, 36(10): 584–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2018.1467028
3. Casady CB, Eriksson K, Levitt RE and Scott R (2020). “(Re)defining public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the new public governance (NPG) paradigm: An institutional maturity perspective”. Public Management Review, 22(2): 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1577909
4. Catsi M (2018). “Public-private partnerships: Delivering civic infrastructure through P3s”. Economic Development Journal, 7(3): 12–20.
5. Dechev D (2015). “Public-private partnership—A new perspective for the transition countries”. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 13(3): 228–236. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2015.03.005
6. Delić A, Šašić D and Tanović M (2021). “Preconditions for establishing public-private partnership as a model of effective management of public affairs”. Uprava, 2021(1): 55–69.
7. Eusepi G, Wagner R and Gu Q (2019). “Introduction to the JIPD Special Issue on infrastructure”. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 3(2): 176. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v3i2.1158
8. Farakish N, Jaggars S and Fay M (2020). “Public-private partnership: How and why six community colleges loved and left a for-profit partner”. Innovative Higher Education, 45(3): 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-020-09500-2
9. Gobikas M and Čingienė V (2021). “Public-private partnership in youth sport delivery: Local gov-ernment perspective”. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(2): 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s2150
10. Goldstein BT and Mele C (2016). “Governance within public-private partnerships and the politics of urban development”. Space and Polity, 20(2): 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2016.1157968
11. Grimsey D and Lewis M (2007). “Public-private partnerships and public procurement”. Agenda, 14(2): 171–188. https://doi.org/10.22459/AG.14.02.2007.06
12. Huque AS (2021). “Infrastructure, political conflict, and stakeholder interests: The case of a pub-lic-private partnership in Bangladesh”. Public Works Management & Policy, 26(2): 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X19895281
13. Ismail S and Harris FA (2014). “Challenges in implementing public-private partnership (PPP) in Malaysia”. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164: 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.044
14. Maurya DS and Srivastava AK (2018). “Managing partner opportunism in public-private partnerships: The dynamics of governance adaptation”. Public Management Review, 21(10): 1420–1442. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1559341
15. Narbaev T, Marco AD and Orazalin N (2019). “A multi-disciplinary meta-review of the public-private partnerships research”. Construction Management and Economics, 38(2): 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2019.1643033
16. Nuhu S, Mpambije CJ and Ngussa K (2020). “Challenges in health service delivery under pub-lic-private partnership in Tanzania: Stakeholders’ views from Dar es Salaam region”. BMC Health Services Research, 20: Art. 765. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05638-z
17. Paanakker H and Reynaers A-M (2020). “Value contextuality in public service delivery. An analysis of street-level craftsmanship and public-private partnerships”. Public Integrity, 22(3): 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2020.1715128
18. Purbo RK, Smith C and Bianchi R (2019). “Lessons learned from public-private partnerships in In-donesia’s water sector”. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(2): 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1550250
19. Reich MR (2018). “The core roles of transparency and accountability in the governance of global health public-private partnerships”. Health Systems & Reform, 4(3): 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2018.1465880
20. Ruiz Rivadeneira AM and Schuknecht L (2019). “Ensuring effective governance of public-private partnerships”. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 3(2): 177–195. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v3i2.1148
21. Sadeghi A, Bastani P and Barati O (2020). “Identifying barriers to development of the public-private partnership in providing of hospital services in Iran: A qualitative study”. Evidence Based Health Policy, Management and Economics (EBHPME), 4(3): 162–171. https://doi.org/10.18502/jebhpme.v4i3.4162
22. Siemiatycki M and Farooq N (2012). “Value for money and risk in public-private partnerships: Evaluating the evidence”. Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(3): 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2012.715525
23. Strasser S, Stauber C, Shrivastava R, et al. (2021). “Collective insights of public-private partnership impacts and sustainability: A qualitative analysis”. PLOS ONE, 16(7): Art. e0254495. https://doi.org/10.1371/journalpone.0254495
24. Suebvises P (2014). “Public-private partnerships and governance challenges in Thai municipalities: Perspectives of chief administrators (palat thesaban)”. Journal of African & Asian Local Gov-ernment Studies, 3(2): 72–79.
25. Twinomuhwezi IK and Herman C (2020). “Critical success factors for public-private partnership in universal secondary education: Perspectives and policy lessons from Uganda”. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 12(2): 133–146. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2020.0656
26. Van Den Hurk M and Verhoest D (2016). “The challenge of using standard contracts in public-private partnerships”. Public Management Review, 18(2): 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.984623
27. Verhoest K, Petersen OH, Scherrer W and Soecipto RM (2015). “How do governments support the development of public-private partnerships? Measuring and comparing PPP governmental support in 20 European countries”. Transport Reviews, 35(2): 118–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.993746
28. Walwyn D and Nkolele AT (2018). “An evaluation of South Africa’s public-private partnership for the localisation of vaccine research, manufacture and distribution”. Health Research Policy and Systems, 16(30): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3
29. Wang H, Xiong W, Wu G and Zhu D (2018). “Public-private partnership in public administration discipline: A literature review”. Public Management Review, 20(2): 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1313445
30. Xiong M, Whetsell TA, Zhao JZ and Cheng S (2021). “Centrally administered state-owned enterprises’ engagement in China’s public-private partnerships: A social network analysis”. Area Develop-ment and Policy, 16(3): 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2020.1851608
31. Xiong W, Chen B, Wang H and Zhu D (2018). “Governing public-private partnerships: A systematic review of case study literature”. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 78(1): 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12343
32. Zhang X (2005). “Criteria for selecting the private-sector partner in public-private partnerships”. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(6): 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:6(631)
33. Zhu Y, Gao Z and Li R (2020). “Sustainable and optimal ‘uniqueness’ contract in public-private partnership projects of transportation infrastructure”. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2020: Art. 6664405. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6664405