Artificial intelligence and broadband development through the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway

Atsuko Okuda, Siope Vakataki ‘Ofa

Article ID: 1047
Vol 2, Issue 2, 2018

VIEWS - 3601 (Abstract) 702 (PDF)

Abstract


This exploratory study aims to identify the main characteristics and relationships between artificial intelligence (AI) and broadband development in Asia and the Pacific. Broadband networks are the foundation and prerequisite for the development of AI. But what types of broadband networks would be conducive are not adequately discussed so far. Furthermore, in addition to broadband networks, other factors, such as income level, broadband quality, and investment, are expected to influence the uptake of AI in the region. The findings are synthesized into a set of policy recommendations at the end of the article, which highlights the need for regional cooperation through an initiative, such as the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS). 


Keywords


AI; broadband; digital divide; infrastructure; investment

Full Text:

PDF


References


A Pre-Feasibility Study on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway in the ASEAN sub-Region (2016b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

A Pre-Feasibility Study on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway in the ASEAN sub-Region (2016b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

A Study of ICT Connectivity for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Enhancing the Collaboration in China-Central Asia Corridor (2017e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/study-ict-connectivity-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-enhancing-collaboration-china-central. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

A Study of ICT Connectivity for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Enhancing the Collaboration in China-Central Asia Corridor (2017e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/study-ict-connectivity-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-enhancing-collaboration-china-central. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

A Study on Cost-Benefit Analysis of Fibre-Optic Co-Deployment with the Asian Highway Connectivity. (2018g). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Cost-benefit%20analysis%20of%20fOC%20with%20Asia%20Highway.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

A Study on Cost-Benefit Analysis of Fibre-Optic Co-Deployment with the Asian Highway Connectivity. (2018g). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Cost-benefit%20analysis%20of%20fOC%20with%20Asia%20Highway.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Artificial Intelligence and Broadband Divide: State of ICT Connectivity in Asia and the Pacific 2017 (2017a). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/artificial-intelligence-and-broadband-divide-state-ict-connectivity-asia-and-pacific-2017. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Artificial Intelligence and Broadband Divide: State of ICT Connectivity in Asia and the Pacific 2017 (2017a). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/artificial-intelligence-and-broadband-divide-state-ict-connectivity-asia-and-pacific-2017. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Ashton K (2009). That “Internet of things” Thing, RFID Journal. Available from: http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986. [Last accessed on 2009 Jun 22].

Asia Development Bank and Asia Development Bank Institute (2009). Infrastructure for a Seamless Asia. Available from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159348/adbi-infrastructure-seamless-asia.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

AT and T (2016). What you Need to Know about IOT Wide Area Networks: How to Choose the Right WAN Technology for the Internet of Things. Available from: https://www.business.att.com/content/whitepaper/what_need_know_iot_networks.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

Aziz K, Haque MM, Rahman A, Shamseldin AY and Shoaib M (2016). Flood estimation in un-gauged catchments: Application of artificial intelligence based methods for Eastern Australia. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 31-6: 1499-1514. doi: 10.1007/s00477-016-1272-0.

Blaikie N (2010). Designing Social Research. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Broadband Connectivity in Pacific Island Countries (2018f). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/broadband-connectivity-pacific-island-countries. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Building a Resilient Digital Economy: Fostering SMEs in Central Asia. (2017d). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/building-resilient-digital-economy-fostering-smes-central-asia. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Building e-Resilience: Enhancing the Role of ICTs for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) (2016e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-enhancing-role-icts-disaster-risk-management-drm. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

CGI (2013). Predictive Analytics: The Rise and Value of Predictive Analytics in Enterprise Decision Making, White Paper. Available from: https://www.cgi.com/sites/default/files/white-papers/Predictive-analytics-white-paper.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

Chen N, Christensen L, Gallagher K, Mate R and Rafert G (2016). Global Economic Impacts Associated with Artificial Intelligence, Analysis Group. Available from: http://www.analysisgroup.com/uploadedfiles/content/news_and_events/news/ag_executive_summary_economic_impact_of_ai.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21].

Cisco Systems (2017). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2016-2021, White Paper. Available from: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html. [Last accessed on 2018 Jan 11].

Daki H, Hannani AE, Aqqal A, Haidine A and Dahbiel A (2017). Big data management in smart grid: Concepts, requirements and implementation. Journal of Big Data, 4: 13. doi: 10.1186/s40537-017-0070-y.

Datta A and Agarwal S (2004). Telecommunications and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24075319_Telecommunications_and_Economic_Growth_A_Panel_Data_Approach. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 21]. doi: 10.1080/0003684042000218552.

Deepak A, Kumar N and Kawalek JP (2018). Understanding big data analytics capabilities in supply chain management: Unraveling the issues, challenges and implications for practice. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 114: 416-436. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.001.

Disaster Resilience for Sustainable Development: Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2017 (2017g). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/1_Disaster%20Report%202017%20Low%20res.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Economist (2016). Call Centres: The End of the Line. Available from: http://www.economist.com/news/international/21690041-call-centres-have-created-millions-good-jobs-emerging-world-technology-threatens. [Last accessed on 2016 Feb 06].

Economist Intelligence Unit (2016a). Artificial Intelligence in the Real World. The Business Case Takes Shape. Available from: https://www.eiuperspectives.economist.com/sites/default/files/Artificial_intelligence_in_ the_real_world_1.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Effect of Open International Gateways on the Broadband Connectivity Market (2017f). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/effect-open-international-gateways-broadband-connectivity-market. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

El-Sappagh SH and Elmogy M (2015). Case based reasoning: Case representation methodologies. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6-11: 192-208.

Enhancing Cybersecurity for Industry 4.0 in Asia and the Pacific (2018c). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/enhancing-cybersecurity-industry-40-asia-and-pacific. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

E-Resilience: A Review of National Broadband Policies, Regulations, Strategies and Initiatives of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (2018a). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/e-resilience-review-national-broadband-policies-regulations-strategies-and-initiatives. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Fink C, Mattoo A and Rathindran R (2003). An assessment of telecommunications reform in developing countries. Information Economics and Policy, 15: 443-466. doi: 10.1016/S0167-6245(03)00007-6.

Gokturk MS and Gurbuz O (2014). Cooperation with multiple relays in wireless sensor networks: Optimal cooperator selection and power assignment. Wireless Networks, 20-2: 209-225. doi: 10.1007/s11276-013-0585-x.

Grewal DS (2014). A critical conceptual analysis of definitions of artificial intelligence as applicable to computer engineering. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 16-2: 9-13.

GSMA (2017). Unlocking Rural Coverage: Enablers for Commercially Sustainable Mobile Network Expansion. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Unlocking-Rural-Coverage-enablers-for-commercially-sustainable-mobile-network-expansion_English.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Hashem IA, Yaqoob I, Anuar NB, Mokhtara S, Gania A and Khan SU (2015). The rise of ‘big data’ on cloud computing: Review and open research issues. Information Systems, 47: 98-115. doi: 10.1016/j.is.2014.07.006.

Heeks R (2017). Routledge perspectives on development. In: Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D). London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. doi: 10.4324/9781315652603.

High Aspirations, Stark Realities: Digitizing Government in South-East Asia, 2016; (2016b). Available from: https://www.eiuperspectives.economist.com/sites/default/files/EIU_Microsoft%20DigitisingGov_briefing%20paper_Jan2016.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Huang MW, Chen CW, Lin WC, Ke SW and Tsai CF (2017). SVM and SVM ensembles in breast cancer prediction. PLoS One, 12(1): e0161501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161501.

ICT in Disaster Risk Management Initiatives in Asia and the Pacific (2016d). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/ict-disaster-risk-management-initiatives-asia-and-pacific. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Implementation of the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document (2018d). p. 2. Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ESCAP_CICTSTI_2018_2_Implementation%20of%20master%20plan%20 of%20AP-IS_English_0.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Inderst G (2016). Infrastructure Investment, Private Finance and Institutional Investors: Asia from a Global Perspective, ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 555. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/179166/adbi-wp555.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Inequality in Asia and the Pacific in the era of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2018b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/publications/inequality-asia-and-pacific-era-2030-agenda-sustainable-development. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

International Telecommunication Union (2012). New ITU Standards Define the Internet of Things and Provide the Blueprints for its Development. Available from: http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ n e w s l o g / N e w + I T U + S t a n d a r d s + D e fi n e + T h e + I n t e r n e t + O f + T h i n g s + A n d + P r o v i d e + T h e + Blueprints+For+Its+Development.aspx. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 11].

ITU and Cisco Systems (2016). Harnessing the Internet of Things for Global Development: A Contribution to the UN Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/action/ broadband/Documents/Harnessing-IoT-Global-Development.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Kunavut K, Okuda A and Lee D (2018). Belt and road initiative (BRI): Enhancing ICT connectivity in China-Central Asia corridor. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 2-1: 116-141. doi: 10.24294/jipd.v2i1.164.

Lee HW and Choi Y (2016). What is Korea’s Strategy to Manage the Implications of Artificial Intelligence? World Bank. Available from: http://www.blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/ what-korea-s-strategy-manage- implications-artificial- intelligence. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

Manual for Measuring ICT Access and use by Households and Individuals (2014). Available from: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/ itu-d/opb/ind/D-IND-ITCMEAS- 2014-PDF-E.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 11].

Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway, 2019-2022 (2018e). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/ default/files/ESCAP_CICTSTI _2018_INF1.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

McKinsey Global Institute (2017). Artificial Intelligence: The Next Digital Frontier? Discussion Paper. Available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Advanced% 20Electronics/Our%20Insights/ How%20artificial %20intelligence%20can%20deliver%20real %20value%20to%20companies /MGI-Artificial- Intelligence-Discussion-paper.ashx. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

Mell P and Tim G (2009). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. Available from: https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/itl /cloud/cloud-def-v15.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2016). Mid-to Long-Term Master Plan in Preparation for the Intelligent Information Society: Managing the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Republic of Korea. Available from: http://www.msip.go.kr /dynamic/file/afieldfile/msse56/1352869/2017/07/20/Master%20Plan%20for%20the%20intelligent%20information%20society.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 18].

MIT (2016). How Asia is Speeding up Global Artificial Intelligence Adoption, Technology Review. Available from: https://www.s3.amazonaws.com /mittrasia/AsiaAI.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 12].

Moses J and Knutsen T (2012). Ways of Knowing: Competing Methodologies in Social and Political Research. 2nd ed. England: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-1-137-00841-1.

National Telecommunications and Information Administration (2018). Broadband, United States Department of Commerce. Available from: https://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/broadband. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Pantic M (2006). Introduction to Machine Learning and Case-Based Reasoning. Available from: https://www.ibug. doc.ic. ac.uk/media/uploads/documents /courses/syllabus-CBR.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 17].

Paramanandam M (2016). Automated segmentation of nuclei in breast cancer histopathology images. PLoS One, 11(9): e0162053. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162053.

Planning Processes, Policies and Initiatives in ICTD Education at Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs) in Asia and the Pacific (2017b). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/planning-processes-policies-and-initiatives-ictd-education- institutions-higher-learning. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

Press G (2017a). Top 10 Hot Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies, Forbes. Available from: https://www. forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/ 01/23/top-10-hot-artificial- intelligence-ai-technologies/. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 23].

Press G (2017b). Forrester Predicts Investment in Artificial Intelligence will Grow 300% in 2017, Forbes. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/11/01/forrester-predicts-investment-in-artificial-intelligence-will-grow-300-in-2017/. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Purdy M and Daugherty P (2016). Why Artificial Intelligence is the Future of Growth, Accenture. Available from: https://www.accenture.com/lv-en /_acnmedia/PDF-33/Accenture -Why-AI-is-the-Future-of- Growth.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 17].

Röller LH and Waverman L (2001). Telecommunications infrastructure and economic development: A simultaneous approach. American Economic Review, 91-4: 909-923. doi: 10.1257/aer.91.4.909.

Russell J (2017). Toyota, Intel and Others form Big Data Group for Automotive Tech, TechCrunch. Available from: https://www.techcrunch.com /2017/08/11/toyota-intel- automotive-big-data/. [Last accessed on 2017 Aug 11].

Scimago Journal (2018). Scimago Institutions Country Rank, Online Database. Available from: https://www. scimagojr.com /countryrank.php. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 17].

Schaffers H, Komninos N, Pallot M, Trousse B, Nilsson M, Oliveira A. Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation. Berlin: Springer; 2011.

Sequans Communications (2016). CAT-M vs. NB-IoT: Energy Consumption vs. Payload; 2016.

Tarantola A (2015). Robots Expected to Run Half of Japan by 2035, Engadget. Available from: https://www. engadget.com /2015/12/04/robots-expected -to-run-half-of-japan-by-2035. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 18].

The Impact of Universal Service Funds on Fixed Broadband Deployment and Internet Adoption in Asia and the Pacific (2017c). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/ resources/impact-universal-service -funds-fixed-broadband-deployment-and-internet- adoption-asia-and. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

The UN E-Government Survey 2018 (2018). Chapter 3: E-Resilience though E-Government: Global and Regional Perspectives. Available from: https://www.publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2018. [Last accessed on 2018 May 18].

United Nations (2013). Global Pulse Big Data for Development: Harnessing Big Data for Real-Time Awareness. Available from: http://www.unglobalpulse.org /sites/default/files/Primer %202013_FINAL%20FOR% 20PRINT.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 17].

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (2016a). State of ICT in Asia and the Pacific 2016: Uncovering the Widening Broadband Divide. Available from: https://www.unescap. org/resources/state-ict-asia-and -pacific-2016-uncovering-widening- broadband-divide. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 17].

Updated Analysis of the Broadband Infrastructure in Asia Pacific (2016c). Available from: https://www.unescap.org/resources/updated-analysis-broadband- infrastructure-asia- pacific. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

World Economic Forum (WEF) (2016). The Future of Jobs, Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Available from: http://www.3.weforum.org/docs/ WEF_Future_of_Jobs.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 May 17].

World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database (2018). Online Database. Available from: https://www.itu.int/ en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/ publications/wtid.aspx. [Last accessed on 2018 Jun 21].

Yau KL, Goh HG, Chieng D and Kwong KH (2015). Application of reinforcement learning to wireless sensor networks: Models and algorithms. Computing, 97-11: 1045-1075. doi: 10.1007/s00607-014-0438-1.

Yu W, Chavez R, Jacobs MA and Mengying F (2018). Data-driven supply chain capabilities and performance: A resource-based view. Logistics and Transportation Review, 114: 371-385. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.002.

Zahraee SM, Assadi MK and Saidur R (2016). Application of artificial intelligence methods for hybrid energy system optimization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 66: 617-630. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.028.

Zanella A, Bui N, Castellani A and Michele Z (2014). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1-1: 22-32. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v2i2.1047

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Atsuko Okuda, Siope Vakataki ‘Ofa

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.