References
Abd El-Mageed TA, Semida WM, Rady MM. Moringa leaf extract as biostimulant improves water use efficiency, physio-biochemical attributes of squash plants under deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 2017, 193: 46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.004
Abd El Mageed TA, Semida W, Hemida KA, et al. Glutathione-mediated changes in productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under water deficit. PeerJ. 2023, 11: e15343. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15343
Albadwawi MAOK, Ahmed ZFR, Kurup SS, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Aquaponic and Soil Systems on Yield and Antioxidant Levels in Basil, an Important Food Plant in Lamiaceae. Agronomy. 2022, 12(12): 3007. doi: 10.3390/agronomy12123007
Belal HEE, Abdelpary MAM, Desoky ESM, et al. Effect of Eco-Friendly Application of Bee Honey Solution on Yield, Physio-Chemical, Antioxidants, and Enzyme Gene Expressions in Excessive Nitrogen-Stressed Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plants. Plants. 2023, 12(19): 3435. doi: 10.3390/plants12193435
Desoky ESM, EL-Maghraby LMM, Awad AE, et al. Fennel and ammi seed extracts modulate antioxidant defence system and alleviate salinity stress in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Scientia Horticulturae. 2020, 272: 109576. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109576
Desoky ESM, Elrys AS, Mansour E, et al. Application of biostimulants promotes growth and productivity by fortifying the antioxidant machinery and suppressing oxidative stress in faba bean under various abiotic stresses. Scientia Horticulturae. 2021, 288: 110340. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110340
Rady MM, Belal HEE, Gadallah FM, et al. Selenium application in two methods promotes drought tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum plant by inducing the antioxidant defense system. Scientia Horticulturae. 2020, 266: 109290. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109290
Rady MOA, Semida WM, Abd El-Mageed TA, et al. Up-regulation of antioxidative defense systems by glycine betaine foliar application in onion plants confer tolerance to salinity stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 2018, 240: 614-622. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.069
Semida WM, Taha RS, Abdelhamid MT, et al. Foliar-applied α-tocopherol enhances salt-tolerance in Vicia faba L. plants grown under saline conditions. South African Journal of Botany. 2014, 95: 24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.08.005
Semida WM, Hemida KA, Rady MM. Sequenced ascorbate-proline-glutathione seed treatment elevates cadmium tolerance in cucumber transplants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018, 154: 171-179. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.036
Semida WM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Hemida K, et al. Natural bee-honey based biostimulants confer salt tolerance in onion via modulation of the antioxidant defence system. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 2019, 94(5): 632-642. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2019.1592711
Kshirsagar A, Ingawale D, Ashok P, et al. Silymarin: A comprehensive review. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2009, 3(5): 126.
Ghosh A, Ghosh T, Jain S. Silymarin-a review on the pharmacodynamics and bioavailability enhancement approaches. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2010, 2(10): 348-355.
Surai P. Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants. 2015, 4(1): 204-247. doi: 10.3390/antiox4010204
Abdulmajeed AM, Alharbi BM, Alharby HF, et al. Simultaneous Action of Silymarin and Dopamine Enhances Defense Mechanisms Related to Antioxidants, Polyamine Metabolic Enzymes, and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plants. 2022, 11(22): 3069. doi: 10.3390/plants11223069
Alharby HF, Al-Zahrani HS, Hakeem KR, et al. Silymarin-Enriched Biostimulant Foliar Application Minimizes the Toxicity of Cadmium in Maize by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Elevating Antioxidant Gene Expression. Biomolecules. 2021, 11(3): 465. doi: 10.3390/biom11030465
Ali EF, Aljarani AM, Mohammed FA, et al. Exploring the Potential Enhancing Effects of Trans-Zeatin and Silymarin on the Productivity and Antioxidant Defense Capacity of Cadmium-Stressed Wheat. Biology. 2022, 11(8): 1173. doi: 10.3390/biology11081173
Desoky ESM, Selem E, Abo El-Maati MF, et al. Foliar Supplementation of Clove Fruit Extract and Salicylic Acid Maintains the Performance and Antioxidant Defense System of Solanum tuberosum L. under Deficient Irrigation Regimes. Horticulturae. 2021, 7(11): 435. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7110435
El-Sappah AH, Metwally MAS, Rady MM, et al. Interplay of silymarin and clove fruit extract effectively enhances cadmium stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2023, 14. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144319
Salman EK, Badr ES, Ghoniem KE, et al. Role of silymarin induced rice immunity against blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae through regulation of resistance genes expression. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2021, 115: 101678. doi: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101678
Tarfayah D, Ahmed S, Rady M, et al. Alleviating saline-calcareous stress in Atriplex nummularia seedlings by foliar spraying with silymarin-enriched bee-honey solution. Labyrinth: Fayoum Journal of Science and Interdisciplinary Studies. 2023, 1(1): 11-20. doi: 10.21608/ifjsis.2023.296590
Pandey G. Silymarin, a herbal drug against multiple disorders. IJAVFAAS. 2014, 1(1): 49-62.
Scott Luper ND. A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1. Alternative medicine review. 1998, 3(6): 410-421.
Elateeq AA, Sun Y, Nxumalo W, et al. Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2020, 29: 101775. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101775
Foster S. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) Botanical Series. American Botanical Council; 1991.
AbouZid SF, Ahmed HS, Moawad AS, et al. Chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic relationships between flavonolignans produced by Silybum marianum populations. Fitoterapia. 2017, 119: 175-184. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.04.002
Vaknin Y, Hadas R, Schafferman D, et al. The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianumL.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2008, 59(4): 339-346. doi: 10.1080/09637480701554095
Andrzejewska J, Sadowska K, Mielcarek S. Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products. 2011, 33(2): 462-468. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.027
Chambers CS, Holečková V, Petrásková L, et al. The silymarin composition… and why does it matter??? Food Research International. 2017, 100: 339-353. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.017
Rady MR, Matter MA, Ghareeb HA, et al. In vitro cultures of Silybum marianum and silymarin accumulation. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2014, 12(1): 75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2013.11.003
Chandra S, Sahdeo G, Bharat P. Drug Discovery from Mother Nature. Springer International Publishing; 2016.
Zhao F, Shi D, Li T, et al. Silymarin attenuates paraquat‐induced lung injury via Nrf2‐mediated pathway in vivo and in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2015, 42(9): 988-998. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12448
Martinelli T, Fulvio F, Pietrella M, et al. In Silybum marianum Italian wild populations the variability of silymarin profiles results from the combination of only two stable chemotypes. Fitoterapia. 2021, 148: 104797. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104797
Di Costanzo A, Angelico R. Formulation Strategies for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Silymarin: The State of the Art. Molecules. 2019, 24(11): 2155. doi: 10.3390/molecules24112155
Parmoon G, Moosavi SA, Akbari H, et al. Quantifying cardinal temperatures and thermal time required for germination of Silybum marianum seed. The Crop Journal. 2015, 3(2): 145-151. doi: 10.1016/j.cj.2014.11.003
Abou-Sreea AIB, Azzam CR, Al-Taweel SK, et al. Natural Biostimulant Attenuates Salinity Stress Effects in Chili Pepper by Remodeling Antioxidant, Ion, and Phytohormone Balances, and Augments Gene Expression. Plants. 2021, 10(11): 2316. doi: 10.3390/plants10112316
KÖksal E, GÜLÇİN İ, Beyza S, et al. In vitroantioxidant activity of silymarin. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2009, 24(2): 395-405. doi: 10.1080/14756360802188081
Taleb A, Ahmad KA, Ihsan AU, et al. Antioxidant effects and mechanism of silymarin in oxidative stress induced cardiovascular diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018, 102: 689-698. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.140
Aldhanhani ARH, Ahmed ZFR, Tzortzakis N, et al. Maturity stage at harvest influences antioxidant phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of jujube fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. and Ziziphus spina-christi L.). Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 67(2): 196-203. doi: 10.1016/j.aoas.2022.12.003
Tighe SP, Akhtar D, Iqbal U, et al. Chronic Liver Disease and Silymarin: A Biochemical and Clinical Review. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 2020, 8(4): 1-5. doi: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00012
Zalat Z, Kohaf N, Alm El-Din M, et al. Silymarin: A promising cardioprotective agent. Azhar International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences. 2021, 1(1): 15-23. doi: 10.21608/aijpms.2021.52962.1014
Alarcón de la Lastra C, Martín M, Motilva V, et al. Gastroprotection Induced by Silymarin, the Hepatoprotective Principle ofSilybum marianumin Ischemia-Reperfusion Mucosal Injury: Role of Neutrophils. Planta Medica. 1995, 61(02): 116-119. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958028
Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Journal of Hepatology. 1989, 9(1): 105-113. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(89)90083-4
Muriel P, Mourelle M. Prevention by silymarin of membrane alterations in acute CCI4 liver damage. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 1990, 10(4): 275-279. doi: 10.1002/jat.2550100408
Wiseman H. Dietary influences on membrane function: Importance in protection against oxidative damage and disease. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1996, 7(1): 2-15. doi: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00152-2
Marceddu R, Dinolfo L, Carrubba A, et al. Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) as a Novel Multipurpose Crop for Agriculture in Marginal Environments: A Review. Agronomy. 2022, 12(3): 729. doi: 10.3390/agronomy12030729
Rady MM, Alharby HF, Tarfayah DAMM, et al. Acidified Compost and Silymarin-Enriched Bio-Stimulators Integratively Improve Morpho-Physio-Biochemistry, Antioxidant Capacity, and Polyamine Metabolism Enzymes of Atriplex Nummularia Lindl Seedlings Under Saline-Calcareous Conditions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2023, 23(3): 4669-4690. doi: 10.1007/s42729-023-01383-4
Keshavarz Afshar R, Chaichi MR, Ansari Jovini M, et al. Accumulation of silymarin in milk thistle seeds under drought stress. Planta. 2015, 242(3): 539-543. doi: 10.1007/s00425-015-2265-9