Abstract Climate change is an unequivocal fact and its impacts are already perceptible today. Climate change will profoundly alter the present conditions of agriculture in almost all countries with variable severity from region to region. On one hand unpredicted changes in climatic parameters are likely to threaten the production and productivity of economically important plant species particularly that of food crops, at the same time agriculture productivity requires significant increase to meet the expected growth in demand for food by the ever increasing world population. Conservation and sustainable use of diversity present in plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge of germplasm within and among plant species represent economic, scientific and societal value which has tendency to solve the food security problems erupt due to expanding global population. An advance made in biotechnology field such as in vitro culture technology, cryopreservation and molecular markers technology has generated significant contributions to improve the methods of conservation of rare and endangered plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge of germplasm and their valuable management in an effective way. A strategic and forward vision for conservation of plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge of germplasm and sustainable use of plant resources in the 21st century is of far reaching significance for sustainable development.

Abstract In order to compare effects of the of hormone type (Ovaprim and pituitary extracts) on survival and growth performances of African catfish Clarias gariepinus  in recycled water; this study was conducted from April to August 2016, in the South Region Cameroon. The main results are as follows: The survival rate was higher in fish from females treated with pituitary extracts regardless of stage of development, without significant differences (P> 0.05) between treatments. The fish treated with Ovaprim, expressed higher mass and linear growth performances than those treated with pituitary extracts, but not significantly (P> 0.05) regardless the considered stage of development. The relative growth rate (TCR) showed that fish grow faster at the fry stage than at the juvenile stage for both hormone types. Growth was negative Allometric type and K factor was ˂ 1 during breeding. It was concluded that the use of the synthetic hormone is not essential for optimum production of Clarias gariepinus  fingerlings.

Abstract Safwan-Zubair area is located in the south –west part of Basrah Province in the south of Iraq, this area is involved within the Dibdibba plain which is considered as a part of Iraqi Western Desert. Dibdibba formation consists mainly from sand and gravel with some cementing materials like silt and clay, especially in the west of Zubair area. A linked simulation-optimization model for obtaining the optimum pumping rate of groundwater is presented in this paper. Processing Modflow for Windows (PMWIN v.5) is selected to simulate the aquifer behavior being studied. This model is integrated with an optimization model which is based on the simulated annealing (SA) technique. The calibrated values of hydraulic conductivity vary over the range (15-150) m/day; while, the calibrated values of specific yield vary over the range (0.125-0.45). The objective function converges to a maximum value of (0.636925E+8 m 3 /year). The percentage ratio of inactive wells is 10.9 %, many wells in the study area that occupy incorrect positions, these wells must be turn off for obtaining optimum pumping rate in the study area.