This review summarizes some of the recent advances related to shallow penetration conformance sealants (SPCS) based on cross-linked polymer nanocomposite gels. The cross-linked polymer nanocomposite gels formed a three-dimensional (3D) gel structure upon contact with either water or oil when placed at the downhole. Therefore, the cross-linked polymer nanocomposite gels offer a total or partial water shutoff. Numerous polymeric gels and their nanocomposites prepared using various techniques have been explored to address the conformance problems. Nevertheless, their instability at high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity down-hole conditions (HT-HP-HS) often makes the treatments unsuccessful. Incorporating inert particles into the cross-linked polymer nanocomposite gel matrices improves stability under harsh down-hole conditions. This review discusses potential polymeric nanocomposite gels and their successful application in conformance control.

1. Fathima A, Almohsin A, Michael FM, et al. Polymer nanocomposites for water shutoff application-A review. Materials Research Express. 2018; 6(3): 032001. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aaf36c

2. Michael FM, Krishnan MR, Fathima A, et al. Zirconia/graphene nanocomposites effect on the enhancement of thermo-mechanical stability of polymer hydrogels. Materials Today Communications. 2019; 21: 100701. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100701

3. Michael FM, Krishnan MR, AlSoughayer S, et al. Thermo-elastic and self-healing polyacrylamide -2D nanofiller composite hydrogels for water shutoff treatment. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2020; 193: 107391. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107391

4. Almohsin A, Michal F, Alsharaeh E, et al. Self-healing PAM composite hydrogel for water shutoff at high temperatures: Thermal and rheological investigations. In: Proceedings of the SPE Kuwait Oil & Gas Show and Conference; 2019.

5. Krishnan M, Michal F, Alsoughayer S, et al. Thermodynamic and kinetic investigation of water absorption by PAM composite hydrogel. In: Proceedings of the SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference; 2019.

6. Keishnan MR, Michael FM, Almohsin AM, and Alsharaeh EH. Thermal and rheological investigations on N.N’ methylenebis acrylamide cross-linked polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogels for water shutoff applications. In: Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference Asia; 2020. p. 9.

7. Curtice RJ, Dalrymple ED. Just the cost of doing business. World Oil. 2004; 225: 77.

8. Vasquez JE, EofL Sf, Dalrymple ED, Van Eijden J. Shallow penetration particle-gel system for water and gas shutoff applications. In: Proceedings of the SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition; 2008.

9. Krishnan MR, Omar H, Almohsin A, and Alsharaeh EH. An overview on nanosilica-polymer composites as high-performance functional materials in oil fields. Polymer Bulletin. 2024; 81: 3883. doi: 10.1007/s00289-023-04934-y

10. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. Polymer gel amended sandy soil with enhanced water storage and extended release capabilities for sustainable desert agriculture. Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering. 2023; 6(1): 2892. doi: 10.24294/jpse.v6i1.2892

11. Almohsin A, Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh E, Harbi B. Preparation and properties investigation on sand-polyacrylamide composites with engineered interfaces for water shutoff application. Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. 2023. doi: 10.2118/213481-MS

12. Krishnan MR, Li W, Alsharaeh EH. Ultra-lightweight Nanosand/Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4233321

13. Almohsin A, Alsharaeh E, Michael FM, Krishnan MR. Polymer-nanofiller hydrogels. U.S. Patent US20220112777A1, 2022.

14. Almohsin A, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Polymer-sand nanocomposite lost circulation material. U.S. Patent US20220290033A1, 2022.

15. Almohsin A, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR, Alghazali M. Coated nanosand as relative permeability modifier. U.S. Patent US11499092B2, 2022.

16. Sun XD and Bai BJ. Comprehensive review of water shutoff methods for horizontal wells. Petroleum Exploration and Development.2017; 44(6): 1022-1029. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(17)30115-5

17. El-Karsani KS, Al-Muntasheri GA, Hussein IA. Polymer Systems for Water Shutoff and Profile Modification: A Review Over the Last Decade. SPE Journal. 2013; 19(01): 135-149. doi: 10.2118/163100-pa

18. Duryagin V, Nguyen Van T, Onegov N, et al. Investigation of the Selectivity of the Water Shutoff Technology. Energies. 2022; 16(1): 366. doi: 10.3390/en16010366

19. Taha A, Amani M. Overview of Water Shutoff Operations in Oil and Gas Wells; Chemical and Mechanical Solutions. ChemEngineering. 2019; 3(2): 51. doi: 10.3390/chemengineering3020051

20. Sydansk RD and Seright RS. When and where relative permeability modification water-shutoff treatments can be successfully applied. In: Proceedings of the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery; 2006. p. 15.

21. Guo P, Tian Z, Zhou R, et al. Chemical water shutoff agents and their plugging mechanism for gas reservoirs: A review and prospects. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2022; 104: 104658. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104658

22. Ali A, Alabdrabalnabi M, Ramadan MA, et al. A Review of Recent Developments in Nanomaterial Agents for Water Shutoff in Hydrocarbon Wells. ACS Omega. 2024; 9(13): 14728-14746. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09219

23. Lu S, Bo Q, Zhao G, et al. Recent advances in enhanced polymer gels for profile control and water shutoff. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2023; 11: 1067094.

24. Lenji MA, Haghshenasfard M, Sefti MV, et al. Experimental study of swelling and rheological behavior of preformed particle gel used in water shutoff treatment. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2018; 169: 739-747. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.06.029

25. Jia H, Pu WF, Zhao JZ, et al. Research on the Gelation Performance of Low Toxic PEI Cross-Linking PHPAM Gel Systems as Water Shutoff Agents in Low Temperature Reservoirs. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2010; 49(20): 9618-9624. doi: 10.1021/ie100888q

26. Vasquez J, Dalrymple ED, Eoff L, et al. Development and evaluation of high-temperature conformance polymer systems in SPE international symposium on oilfield chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2005.

27. Vasquez JE, Jurado I, Santillan A, and Hernandez R. Organically crosslinked polymer system for water reduction treatments in Mexico in SPE-104134-MS. Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2006.

28. Zhang L, Pu C, Cui S, et al. Experimental Study on a New Type of Water Shutoff Agent Used in Fractured Low Permeability Reservoir. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 2016; 139(1). doi: 10.1115/1.4035146

29. Obino V, Yadav U. Application of Polymer Based Nanocomposites for Water Shutoff—A Review. Fuels. 2021; 2(3): 304-322. doi: 10.3390/fuels2030018

30. Yu Z, Li Y, Sha O,et al. Synthesis and properties of amphiprotic polyacrylamide microspheres as water shutoff and profile control. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016; 133: 43366.

31. Ge J, Wu Q, Ding L, et al. Preparation and rheological Evaluation of a thixotropic polymer gel for water shutoff in fractured tight reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2022; 208: 109542. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109542

32. Wu Q, Ge J, Ding L, et al. Insights into the key aspects influencing the rheological properties of polymer gel for water shutoff in fractured reservoirs. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2022; 634: 127963. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127963

33. Sadeghnejad S, Ashrafizadeh M, Nourani M. Improved oil recovery by gel technology: Water shutoff and conformance control. Chemical Methods. 2022; 249-312. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821931-7.00001-8

34. Cheng L, Qin Y, Gao K, et al. Experimental Investigation of a Novel Nanocomposite Particle Gel for Water Shutoff Treatment in Mature Oilfields. ACS Omega. 2022; 7(10): 8887-8895. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07242

35. Samitsu S, Zhang R, Peng X, et al. Flash freezing route to mesoporous polymer nanofibre networks. Nature Communications. 2013; 4(1). doi: 10.1038/ncomms3653

36. Krishnan MR, Samitsu S, Fujii Y, et al. Hydrophilic polymer nanofibre networks for rapid removal of aromatic compounds from water. Chem Commun. 2014; 50(66): 9393-9396. doi: 10.1039/c4cc01786b

37. Krishnan MR, Chien YC, Cheng CF, et al. Fabrication of Mesoporous Polystyrene Films with Controlled Porosity and Pore Size by Solvent Annealing for Templated Syntheses. Langmuir. 2017; 33(34): 8428-8435. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02195

38. Chien YC, Huang LY, Yang KC, et al. Fabrication of metallic nanonetworks via templated electroless plating as hydrogenation catalyst. Emergent Materials. 2020; 4(2): 493-501. doi: 10.1007/s42247-020-00108-y

39. Krishnan MR, Chen HY, and Ho RM. Switchable structural colors from mesoporous polystyrene films. In: Proceedings of the 252nd Annual Meeting of American Chemical Society; 25-29 August 2016; Philadelphia, USA.

40. Lo TY, Krishnan MR, Lu KY, et al. Silicon-containing block copolymers for lithographic applications. Progress in Polymer Science. 2018; 77: 19-68. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.10.002

41. Krishnan MR, Lu K, Chiu W, et al. Directed Self‐Assembly of Star‐Block Copolymers by Topographic Nanopatterns through Nucleation and Growth Mechanism. Small. 2018; 14(16). doi: 10.1002/smll.201704005

42. Cheng CF, Chen YM, Zou F, et al. Li-Ion Capacitor Integrated with Nano-network-Structured Ni/NiO/C Anode and Nitrogen-Doped Carbonized Metal-Organic Framework Cathode with High Power and Long Cyclability. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2019; 11(34): 30694-30702. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b06354

43. Ho RM, Krishnan MR, Siddique SK, Chien YC. Method for fabricating nanoporous polymer thin film and corresponding method for fabricating nanoporous thin film. U.S. Patent US11059205, 2021.

44. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh E. Potential removal of benzene-toluene-xylene toxic vapors by nanoporous poly(styrene-r-methylmethacrylate) copolymer composites. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. 2023; 20: 100860. doi: 10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100860

45. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. A review on polymer nanocomposites based high-performance functional materials. SSRN. 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4222854

46. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. Facile fabrication of thermos-mechanically reinforced polystyrene-graphene nanocomposite aerogel for produced water treatment. Journal of Porous Materials. 2024; 1. doi: 10.1007/s10934-024-01602-y

47. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. High-performance functional materials based on polymer nanocomposites—A review. Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering. 2023; 6(1): 3292. doi: 10.24294/jpse.v6i1.3292

48. Krishnan MR, Rajendran V. Sulfonated mesoporous polystyrene-1D multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposite as potential adsorbent for efficient removal of xylene isomers from aqueous solution. Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials. 2023; 6(2): 3516. doi: 10.24294/can.v6i2.3516

49. Krishnan MR, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Syntheses and fabrication of mesoporous styrene-co-methyl methacrylate-graphene composites for oil removal. Diamond and Related Materials. 2022; 130: 109494. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109494

50. Krishnan MR., Michael FM, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Polyacrylamide hydrogels coated super-hydrophilic sand for enhanced water storage and extended release. SSRN. 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4232876

51. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari YF, Alsharaeh EH. Three‐dimensionally cross‐linked styrene‐methyl methacrylate‐divinyl benzene terpolymer networks for organic solvents and crude oil absorption. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2020; 138(9). doi: 10.1002/app.49942

52. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari Y, Michael FM, et al. 3D-Polystyrene-polymethyl methacrylate/divinyl benzene networks-Epoxy-Graphene nanocomposites dual-coated sand as high strength proppants for hydraulic fracture operations. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2021; 88: 103790. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103790

53. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari YF, and Alsharaeh EH. 3D-poly (styrene-methyl methacrylate)/divinyl benzene-2D-nanosheet composite networks for organic solvents and crude oil spill cleanup. Polymer Bulletin. 2021; 79: 3779-3802. doi: 10.1007/s00289-021-03565-5

54. Krishnan MR, Omar H, Aldawsari Y, et al. Insight into thermo-mechanical enhancement of polymer nanocomposites coated microsand proppants for hydraulic fracturing. Heliyon. 2022; 8(12): e12282. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12282

55. Krishnan MR, Rajendran V, Alsharaeh E. Anti-reflective and high-transmittance optical films based on nanoporous silicon dioxide fabricated from templated synthesis. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2023; 606: 122198. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2023.122198

56. Krishnan MR, Omar H, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. An overview on nanosilica-polymer composites as high-performance functional materials in oil fields. Polymer Bulletin. 2024; 81: 3883. doi: 10.1007/s00289-023-04934-y

57. Krishnan MR, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Mechanically robust and thermally enhanced sand-polyacrylamide-2D nanofiller composite hydrogels for water shutoff applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2024; 141(7): e54953. doi: 10.1002/app.54953

58. Michael FM, Krishnan MR, Li W, et al. A review on polymer-nanofiller composites in developing coated sand proppants for hydraulic fracturing. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2020; 83: 103553. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103553

59. Aldosari MA, Alsaud KBB, Othman A, et al. Microwave Irradiation Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced-(Graphene Oxide- (Polystyrene-Polymethyl Methacrylate))/Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites and Their Anti-Microbial Activity. Polymers. 2020; 12(5): 1155. doi: 10.3390/polym12051155

60. Bongu CS., Krishnan MR., Soliman A, et al. Flexible and freestanding MoS2/graphene composite for high-performance Supercapacitors. ACS Omega. 2023; 8(40): 36789-36800. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03370

61. Tasleem S, Sekhar Bongu C, Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. Navigating the hydrogen prospect: A comprehensive review of sustainable source-based production technologies, transport solutions, advanced storage mechanisms, and CCUS integration. Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2024; 97: 166-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.05.022

62. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. Mechanical strength investigation of chemically reinforced sandy soil using organic copolymers for geotechnical engineering applications. Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering. 2024; 7(1): 5170. doi: 10.24294/jpse.v7i1.5170

63. Krishnan MR, Li W, Alsharaeh EH. Cross-linked polymer nanocomposite networks coated nano sand light-weight proppants for hydraulic fracturing applications. Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials. 2023; 6(2): 3314. doi: 10.24294/can.v6i2.3314

64. Li W, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Proppant coatings and method of making. U.S. Patent US 11851614B2, 2023.

65. Li W, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Coated proppants and methods of making and use thereof. U.S. Patent US 11912938B2, 2024.

66. Li W, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Methods for making proppant coatings. U.S. Patent US 11459503B2, 2022.

67. Krishnan MR, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Thermo-Mechanically Reinforced Mesoporous Styrene-Co-Methyl Methacrylate-Graphene Composites for Produced Water Treatment. SSRN. 2022.

68. Alsharaeh EH, Krishnan MR. Method of making mutlilayer soil with property for extended release water for desert agriculture. U.S. Patent US 10772265B1, 2020.

69. Al-Shajalee F, Arif M, Machale J, et al. A Multiscale Investigation of Cross-Linked Polymer Gel Injection in Sandstone Gas Reservoirs: Implications for Water Shutoff Treatment. Energy & Fuels. 2020; 34(11): 14046-14057. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02858

70. Bai Y, Xiong C, Wei F, et al. Gelation Study on a Hydrophobically Associating Polymer/Polyethylenimine Gel System for Water Shut-off Treatment. Energy & Fuels. 2015; 29(2): 447-458. doi: 10.1021/ef502505k

71. Shagiakhmetov A, Yushchenko S. Substantiation of In Situ Water Shut-Off Technology in Carbonate Oil Reservoirs. Energies. 2022; 15(14): 5059. doi: 10.3390/en15145059

72. Dai C, Zhao J, Yan L, et al. Adsorption behavior of cocamidopropyl betaine under conditions of high temperature and high salinity. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2014; 131(12). doi: 10.1002/app.40424

73. Jia H, Zhao JZ, Jin FY, et al. New Insights into the Gelation Behavior of Polyethyleneimine Cross-Linking Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Gels. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2012; 51(38): 12155-12166. doi: 10.1021/ie301818f

74. ElKarsani KSM, Al‐Muntasheri GA, Sultan AS, et al. Performance of PAM/PEI gel system for water shut‐off in high temperature reservoirs: Laboratory study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2015; 132(17). doi: 10.1002/app.41869

75. Chen L, Wang J, Yu L, et al. Experimental Investigation on the Nanosilica-Reinforcing Polyacrylamide/Polyethylenimine Hydrogel for Water Shutoff Treatment. Energy & Fuels. 2018; 32(6): 6650-6656. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00840

76. Ghriga MA, Grassl B, Gareche M, et al. Review of recent advances in polyethylenimine crosslinked polymer gels used for conformance control applications. Polymer Bulletin. 2019; 76(11): 6001-6029. doi: 10.1007/s00289-019-02687-1

77. Almeida AIAR, Carvalho LDO, Lopes RC, et al. Enhanced polyacrylamide polymer hydrogels using nanomaterials for water shutoff: Morphology, thermal and rheological investigations at high temperatures and salinity. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2024; 405(1): 125041. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125041

78. Sultan AS. Stability of PAM/PEI emulsified gels under HTHS conditions for water shut-off treatment. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology. 2018; 9(3): 2027-2037. doi: 10.1007/s13202-018-0597-2

79. Tessarolli FGC, Souza STS, Gomes AS, et al. Influence of polymer structure on the gelation kinetics and gel strength of acrylamide‐based copolymers, bentonite and polyethylenimine systems for conformance control of oil reservoirs. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2019; 136(22). doi: 10.1002/app.47556

80. Lockhart TP, Albonico P. New Chemistry for the Placement of Chromium(III)/Polymer Gels in High-Temperature Reservoirs. SPE Production & Facilities. 1994; 9(04): 273-279. doi: 10.2118/24194-pa

81. Vasquez J, Curtice R. Porosity-Fill Sealant for Water and Gas Shutoff: Case Histories and Lessons Learned after more than 1,000 Well Interventions. In: Proceedings of the SPE European Formation Damage Conference & Exhibition; 2013.

82. Jia H, Chen H, Guo S. Fluid loss control mechanism of using polymer gel pill based on multi-crosslinking during overbalanced well workover and completion. Fuel. 2017; 210: 207-216. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.08.032

83. Kabir A. Chemical water and gas shutoff technology- An overview. In: Proceedings of the SPE Asia Pacific Improved Oil Recovery Conference; 2001.

84. Hamza A, Shamlooh M, Hussein IA, et al. Polymeric formulations used for loss circulation materials and wellbore strengthening applications in oil and gas wells: A review. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2019; 180: 197-214. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.05.022

85. Crowe CW, Hutchinson BH, Trittipo BL. Fluid-Loss Control: The Key to Successful Acid Fracturing. SPE Production Engineering. 1989; 4(02): 215-220. doi: 10.2118/16883-pa

86. Bouts MN, Trompert RA, Samuel A. Time delayed and low impairment fluid-loss control using a succinoglycan biopolymer with an internal acid breaker. In: Proceedings of the SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium; 1996.

87. Song K, Wu Q, Li M, et al. Water-based bentonite drilling fluids modified by novel biopolymer for minimizing fluid loss and formation damage. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2016; 507: 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.092

88. Ali I, Ahmad M, Ganat T. Biopolymeric formulations for filtrate control applications in water-based drilling muds: A review. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2022; 210: 110021. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.110021

89. Akpan EU, Enyi GC, Nasr GG. Enhancing the performance of xanthan gum in water-based mud systems using an environmentally friendly biopolymer. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology. 2020; 10(5): 1933-1948. doi: 10.1007/s13202-020-00837-0

90. Gadhave RV, Vineeth SK. Synthesis and characterization of xanthan gum stabilized polyvinyl acetate-based wood adhesive. Polymer Bulletin. 2023; 81(8): 7423-7440. doi: 10.1007/s00289-023-05064-1

91. Sethi S, Saruchi, Kaith BS, et al. Cross-linked xanthan gum-starch hydrogels as promising materials for controlled drug delivery. Cellulose. 2020; 27(8): 4565-4589. doi: 10.1007/s10570-020-03082-0

92. Nasiri A, Ghaffarkhah A, Keshavarz Moraveji M, et al. Experimental and field test analysis of different loss control materials for combating lost circulation in bentonite mud. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2017; 44: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2017.04.004

93. Calçada LA, Duque Neto OA, Magalhães SC, et al. Evaluation of suspension flow and particulate materials for control of fluid losses in drilling operation. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2015; 131: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2015.04.007

94. Alabdrabalnabi M, Almohsin A, Huang J, Sherief M. Experimental investigation of a novel nanosilica for blocking unwanted water production. In: Proceedings of the SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition; October 2021.

95. Tock RW, Keshavaraj R. Physical-chemical changes in silicone elastomers used for building sealants. Astm special technical publication. 1996; 1271: 113-125.

96. Plank J, Hoffmann H, Schölkopf J, et al. Preparation and Characterization of a Calcium Carbonate Aerogel. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2009; 2009(1). doi: 10.1155/2009/138476

97. Barua S, Gogoi S, Khan R, et al. Silicon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Polymer Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites. 2019; 261-305. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814615-6.00008-4

98. Elaf R, Ben Ali A, Saad M, et al. Development of eco-friendly chitosan-g-polyacrylamide preformed particle gel for conformance control in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. Geoenergy Science and Engineering. 2023; 230: 212136. doi: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212136