Mechanical strength investigation of chemically reinforced sandy soil using organic copolymers for geotechnical engineering applications
Vol 7, Issue 1, 2024
VIEWS - 2138 (Abstract) 379 (PDF)
Abstract
The chemical reinforcement of sandy soils is usually carried out to improve their properties and meet specific engineering requirements. Nevertheless, conventional reinforcement agents are often expensive; the process is energy-intensive and causes serious environmental issues. Therefore, developing a cost-effective, room-temperature-based method that uses recyclable chemicals is necessary. In the current study, poly (styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) is used as a stabilizer to reinforce sandy soil. The copolymer-reinforced sand samples were prepared using the one-step bulk polymerization method at room temperature. The mechanical strength of the copolymer-reinforced sand samples depends on the ratio of the PS-PMMA copolymer to the sand. The higher the copolymer-to-sand ratio, the higher the sample’s compressive strength. The sand (70 wt.%)-PS-PMMA (30 wt.%) sample exhibited the highest compressive strength of 1900 psi. The copolymer matrix enwraps the sand particles to form a stable structure with high compressive strengths.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Bao X, Jin Z, Cui H, et al. Soil liquefaction mitigation in geotechnical engineering: An overview of recently developed methods. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2019; 120: 273-291. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.01.020
2. Liu L, Cai G, Zhang J, et al. Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled waste tire-sand/soil in geotechnical engineering: A compressive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 126: 109831. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109831
3. Ostovar M, Ghiassi R, Mehdizadeh MJ, et al. Effects of Crude Oil on Geotechnical Specification of Sandy Soils. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal. 2020; 30(1): 58-73. doi: 10.1080/15320383.2020.1792410
4. Wei X, Ku T. New design chart for geotechnical ground improvement: characterizing cement-stabilized sand. Acta Geotechnica. 2019; 15(4): 999-1011. doi: 10.1007/s11440-019-00838-2
5. Abbasi N, Mahdieh M. Improvement of geotechnical properties of silty sand soils using natural pozzolan and lime. International Journal of Geo-Engineering. 2018; 9(1): 1–12.
6. Simatupang M, Mangalla LK, Edwin RS, et al. The Mechanical Properties of Fly-Ash-Stabilized Sands. Geosciences. 2020; 10(4): 132. doi: 10.3390/geosciences10040132
7. Pu S, Zhu Z, Huo W. Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled gypsum stabilized soil in geotechnical engineering: A comprehensive review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2021; 174: 105780. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105780
8. Fabiano E, Reginaldo SP, Eder PM, et al. Improving geotechnical properties of a sand-clay soil by cement stabilization for base course in forest roads. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2017; 12(30): 2475-2481. doi: 10.5897/ajar2016.12482
9. Jafarpour P, Ziaie Moayed R, Kordnaeij A. Yield stress for zeolite-cement grouted sand. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 247: 118639. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118639
10. Mola-Abasi H, Kordtabar B, Kordnaeij A. Effect of Natural Zeolite and Cement Additive on the Strength of Sand. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 2016; 34(5): 1539-1551. doi: 10.1007/s10706-016-0060-4
11. ShahriarKian M, Kabiri S, Bayat M. Utilization of Zeolite to Improve the Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Soil. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 2021; 7(2). doi: 10.1007/s40891-021-00284-9
12. Fatehi H, Ong DEL, Yu J, et al. Biopolymers as Green Binders for Soil Improvement in Geotechnical Applications: A Review. Geosciences. 2021; 11(7): 291. doi: 10.3390/geosciences11070291
13. Anagnostopoulos CA, Kandiliotis P, Lola M, et al. Improving Properties of Sand Using Epoxy Resin and Electrokinetics. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 2014; 32(4): 859-872. doi: 10.1007/s10706-014-9763-6
14. Ahenkorah I, Rahman MM, Karim MR, et al. A comparison of mechanical responses for microbial- and enzyme-induced cemented sand. Géotechnique Letters. 2020; 10(4): 559-567. doi: 10.1680/jgele.20.00061
15. Refaei M, Arab MG, Omar M. Sandy Soil Improvement through Biopolymer Assisted EICP. Geo-Congress 2020. Published online February 21, 2020. doi: 10.1061/9780784482780.060
16. Lin G, Liu W, Zhao J, et al. Experimental investigation into effects of lignin on sandy loess. Soils and Foundations. 2023; 63(5): 101359. doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2023.101359
17. Chang I, Lee M, Tran ATP, et al. Review on biopolymer-based soil treatment (BPST) technology in geotechnical engineering practices. Transportation Geotechnics. 2020; 24: 100385. doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100385
18. Al-Khanbashi A, Abdalla SW. Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 2006; 24(6): 1603-1625. doi: 10.1007/s10706-005-4895-3
19. Liu J, Bai Y, Song Z, et al. Stabilization of sand using different types of short fibers and organic polymer. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 253: 119164. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119164
20. Sarkar D, Lieske W, Goudarzy M, et al. The influence of polymer content on the shear wave velocities in fine sand. Environmental Geotechnics. 2024; 11(2): 64-64. doi:10.1680/jenge.23.00017
21. Aldosari MA, Alsaud KBB, Othman A, et al. Microwave Irradiation Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced-(Graphene Oxide-(Polystyrene-Polymethyl Methacrylate))/Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites and Their Anti-Microbial Activity. Polymers. 2020; 12(5): 1155. doi: 10.3390/polym12051155
22. Almohsin A, Michal F, Alsharaeh E, et al. Self-Healing PAM Composite Hydrogel for Water Shutoff at High Temperatures: Thermal and Rheological Investigations. Day 2 Tue, October 22, 2019. Published online October 21, 2019. doi: 10.2118/198664-ms
23. Bongu CS, Krishnan MR, Soliman A, et al. Flexible and Freestanding MoS2/Graphene Composite for High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS Omega. 2023; 8(40): 36789-36800. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03370
24. Cheng CF, Chen YM, Zou F, et al. Li-Ion Capacitor Integrated with Nano-network-Structured Ni/NiO/C Anode and Nitrogen-Doped Carbonized Metal–Organic Framework Cathode with High Power and Long Cyclability. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2019; 11(34): 30694-30702. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b06354
25. Chien YC, Huang LY, Yang KC, et al. Fabrication of metallic nanonetworks via templated electroless plating as hydrogenation catalyst. Emergent Materials. 2020; 4(2): 493-501. doi: 10.1007/s42247-020-00108-y
26. Keishnan MR, Michael FM, Almohsin AM, et al. Thermal and Rheological Investigations on N,N’-Methylenebis Acrylamide Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Water Shutoff Applications. Day 4 Thu, November 05, 2020. Published online October 27, 2020. doi: 10.4043/30123-ms
27. Krishnan M, Michal F, Alsoughayer S, et al. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Investigation of Water Absorption by PAM Composite Hydrogel. Day 4 Wed, October 16, 2019. Published online October 13, 2019. doi: 10.2118/198033-ms
28. Krishnan M, Chen HY, Ho RM. Switchable structural colors from mesoporous polystyrene films. In: AMER CHEMICAL SOC 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA; 2016.
29. Krishnan MR, Rajendran V, Alsharaeh E. Anti-reflective and high-transmittance optical films based on nanoporous silicon dioxide fabricated from templated synthesis. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2023; 606: 122198. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2023.122198
30. Krishnan MR, Omar H, Almohsin A, et al. An overview on nanosilica–polymer composites as high-performance functional materials in oil fields. Polymer Bulletin. 2023; 81(5): 3883-3933. doi: 10.1007/s00289-023-04934-y
31. Krishnan MR, Li W, Alsharaeh EH. Cross-linked polymer nanocomposite networks coated nano sand light-weight proppants for hydraulic fracturing applications. Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials. 2023; 6(2): 3314. doi: 10.24294/can.v6i2.3314
32. Krishnan MR, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Syntheses and fabrication of mesoporous styrene-co-methyl methacrylate-graphene composites for oil removal. Diamond and Related Materials. 2022; 130: 109494. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109494
33. Krishnan MR, Li W, Alsharaeh EH. Ultra-lightweight Nanosand/Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published online 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4233321
34. Krishnan MR, Michael FM, Almohsin A, et al. Polyacrylamide Hydrogels Coated Super-hydrophilic Sand for Enhanced Water Storage and Extended Release. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published online 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4232876
35. Krishnan MR, Lu K, Chiu W, et al. Directed Self‐Assembly of Star‐Block Copolymers by Topographic Nanopatterns through Nucleation and Growth Mechanism. Small. 2018; 14(16). doi: 10.1002/smll.201704005
36. Krishnan MR, Chien YC, Cheng CF, et al. Fabrication of Mesoporous Polystyrene Films with Controlled Porosity and Pore Size by Solvent Annealing for Templated Syntheses. Langmuir. 2017; 33(34): 8428-8435. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02195
37. Krishnan MR, Samitsu S, Fujii Y, et al. Hydrophilic polymer nanofibre networks for rapid removal of aromatic compounds from water. Chem Commun. 2014; 50(66): 9393-9396. doi: 10.1039/c4cc01786b
38. Krishnan MR, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Thermo-Mechanically Reinforced Mesoporous Styrene-Co-Methyl Methacrylate-Graphene Composites for Produced Water Treatment. Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4207331 (accessed on 1 March 2024).
39. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh E. Potential removal of benzene-toluene-xylene toxic vapors by nanoporous poly(styrene-r-methylmethacrylate) copolymer composites. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. 2023; 20: 100860. doi: 10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100860
40. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. A Review on Polymer Nanocomposites Based High-Performance Functional Materials. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published online 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4222854
41. Krishnan MR, Rajendran V. Sulfonated mesoporous polystyrene-1D multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposite as potential adsorbent for efficient removal of xylene isomers from aqueous solution. Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials. 2023; 6(2): 3516. doi: 10.24294/can.v6i2.3516
42. Lo TY, Krishnan MR, Lu KY, et al. Silicon-containing block copolymers for lithographic applications. Progress in Polymer Science. 2018; 77: 19-68. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.10.002
43. Samitsu S, Zhang R, Peng X, et al. Flash freezing route to mesoporous polymer nanofibre networks. Nature Communications. 2013; 4(1). doi: 10.1038/ncomms3653
44. Kolay PK, Dhakal B. Geotechnical Properties and Microstructure of Liquid Polymer Amended Fine-Grained Soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 2019; 38(3): 2479-2491. doi: 10.1007/s10706-019-01163-x
45. Alsharaeh EH, Krishnan MR. Method of making mutlilayer soil with property for extended release water for desert agriculture. US10772265B1, 15 September 2020.
46. Krishnan MR, Omar H, Yazeed Y, et al. Insight into Thermo-Mechanical Enhancement of Polymer Nanocomposites Coated Microsand Proppants for Hydraulic Fracturing. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published online 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4243574
47. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari Y, Michael FM, et al. 3D-Polystyrene-polymethyl methacrylate/divinyl benzene networks-Epoxy-Graphene nanocomposites dual-coated sand as high strength proppants for hydraulic fracture operations. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2021; 88: 103790. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103790
48. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari Y, Michael FM, et al. Mechanically reinforced polystyrene-polymethyl methacrylate copolymer-graphene and Epoxy-Graphene composites dual-coated sand proppants for hydraulic fracture operations. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2021; 196: 107744. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107744
49. Michael FM, Krishnan MR, Li W, et al. A review on polymer-nanofiller composites in developing coated sand proppants for hydraulic fracturing. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2020; 83: 103553. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103553
50. Almohsin A, Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh E, et al. Preparation and Properties Investigation on Sand-Polyacrylamide Composites with Engineered Interfaces for Water Shutoff Applications. Day 2 Mon, February 20, 2023. Published online March 7, 2023. doi: 10.2118/213481-ms
51. Almohsin A, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Polymer-sand nanocomposite lost circulation material. US11828116B2, 28 November 2023.
52. Almohsin A, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR, et al. Coated nanosand as relative permeability modifier. US11827852B2, 28 November 2023.
53. Almohsin A, Alsharaeh E, Michael FM, et al. Polymer-Nanofiller Hydrogels. US11802232B2, 31 October 2023.
54. Krishnan MR, Almohsin A, Alsharaeh EH. Mechanically robust and thermally enhanced sand‐polyacrylamide‐2D nanofiller composite hydrogels for water shutoff applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2023; 141(7). doi: 10.1002/app.54953
55. Li W, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Methods for making proppant coatings. US11459503B2, 4 October 2022.
56. Li W, Alsharaeh E, Krishnan MR. Proppant coatings and methods of making. US11851614B2, 26 December 2023.
57. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. Facile fabrication of thermo-mechanically reinforced polystyrene-graphene nanocomposite aerogel for produced water treatment. Journal of Porous Materials. Published online April 12, 2024. doi: 10.1007/s10934-024-01602-y
58. Krishnan MR, Omar H, Almohsin A, et al. An overview on nanosilica–polymer composites as high-performance functional materials in oil fields. Polymer Bulletin. 2023; 81(5): 3883-3933. doi: 10.1007/s00289-023-04934-y
59. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. High-performance functional materials based on polymer nanocomposites—A review. Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering. 2023; 6(1): 3292. doi: 10.24294/jpse.v6i1.3292
60. Krishnan MR, Alsharaeh EH. Polymer gel amended sandy soil with enhanced water storage and extended release capabilities for sustainable desert agriculture. Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering. 2023; 6(1): 2892. doi: 10.24294/jpse.v6i1.2892
61. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari YF, Alsharaeh EH. 3D-poly (styrene-methyl methacrylate)/divinyl benzene-2D-nanosheet composite networks for organic solvents and crude oil spill cleanup. Polymer Bulletin. 2021; 79(6): 3779-3802. doi: 10.1007/s00289-021-03565-5
62. Krishnan MR, Aldawsari YF, Alsharaeh EH. Three‐dimensionally cross‐linked styrene‐methyl methacrylate‐divinyl benzene terpolymer networks for organic solvents and crude oil absorption. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2020; 138(9). doi: 10.1002/app.49942
63. O’rourke TD, Druschel SJ, Netravali AN. Shear strength characteristics of sand-polymer interfaces. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 1990; 116 (3): 451-469. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:3(451)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jpse.v7i1.5170
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohan Raj Krishnan, Edreese Housni Alsharaeh
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.