Abstract This study introduces two first-order algorithms for high-dimensional minimax optimization: Accelerated Momentum Descent Ascent (AMDA) and Accelerated Variance-Reduced Gradient Descent Ascent (AVRGDA). These methods aim to address common challenges in nonconvex optimization, such as slow convergence and computational complexity. AMDA leverages momentum-driven techniques to smooth the optimization path, reducing oscillations and improving convergence speed, particularly in nonconvex-strongly-concave problems. AVRGDA incorporates adaptive learning rates that dynamically adjust according to gradient norms, enhancing the efficiency of variance reduction and handling complex optimization tasks in high-dimensional spaces. Through experiments in adversarial training and large-scale logistic regression, these methods demonstrate superior performance in terms of training time, robustness, and computational cost compared to traditional first-order methods. Theoretical analysis shows that AMDA and AVRGDA achieve convergence rates of O(ϵ−3)and O(ϵ−2.5) respectively in high-dimensional, nonconvex minimax problems, confirming their efficiency and robustness in practical applications.

Abstract This paper applied attitude system of appraisal theory to explore online book reviews of Red Sorghum. The results show that readers not only evaluate the story and the writer’s writing prowess, but also the characters in the book and the Chinese culture included in the book. In general, reviewers give high appreciation for this novel, but there also are some flaws that affect readers’ reading experience.

Abstract This paper explores the theoretical foundation of non-expansive mappings in fixed-point iteration and its specific applications in game theory. As a mapping that maintains or reduces the distance between elements, non-expansive mappings provide an effective mathematical tool for finding stable strategies in dynamic games through their inherent convergence properties. The article first introduces the basic concepts of fixed-point theory and defines non-expansive mappings, then analyzes their application in solving Nash equilibria in game theory, with a particular emphasis on the stability and efficiency of iterative methods in the solution process. Additionally, through mathematical modeling and case analysis, this study demonstrates the practical effects and potential applications of non-expansive mappings in multi-stage games and complex strategy updates. This research not only enhances the understanding of fixed-point iteration methods in both theory and practice but also offers new perspectives and methods for addressing high-dimensional strategy spaces in game theory.

Abstract Artificial intelligence has triggered a global wave of the times with its breakthrough intelligent technology features such as autonomous learning ability, self-attention, and reasoning ability, which has also led to a huge change in the demand for talents in the society, and various industries are inclined to the composite innovative and high-quality talents with cross-field and multi-disciplinary backgrounds, so that the reform of higher education curriculum empowered by artificial intelligence has become an inevitable trend. It is found that although many colleges and universities have gradually opened general education and professional education on artificial intelligence, the reform of higher education curriculum still faces various problems such as monotonous teaching mode, lagging teaching content, academic ethics and morality. In order to effectively deal with these problems, this paper provides corresponding suggestions from the perspective of expecting the joint efforts and close collaboration between universities and enterprises.

Abstract This paper discusses two innovative schemes for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM): indexed modulated OFDM (OFDM-IM) and dual-mode dual-indexed OFDM-IM (DMDI-OFDM-IM). The aim is to improve spectral efficiency and error performance under frequency-selective and fast time-varying fading channels. The OFDM-IM scheme de- livers information through the indexing of activated subcarriers beyond the multiple signal constellations in conventional OFDM. This paper briefs outline a low-complexity transceiver archi- tecture for OFDM-IM based on maximum likelihood detection and log-likelihood ratio computation. A brief analysis of the error performance of conventional OFDM and DM-OFDM-IM is presented. The DMDI-OFDM-IM scheme provides additional information transmission through dual indexing by relocating symbols and selecting relocation vectors in active subcarriers, as well as utilizing inactive subcarriers, resulting in improved frequency performance. Thus, higher spectral efficiency can be achieved. And there is evidence of significant improvement in the error performance of both schemes compared to conventional OFDM under different channel conditions, confirming their potential application in efficient wireless communication systems. Index Terms—DM OFDM-IM, Error Performance, Fad- ing Channels, Index Modulation, Low-Complexity Transceiver DesignOFDM-IM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Spectral Efficiency

Abstract This paper discusses the passive marker “bei” in Mandarin Chinese, exploring its categorial status, derivational relationships, and syntactic structures of both long and short passive forms. The analysis includes multiple linguistic viewpoints on whether “bei” functions as a preposition, verb, or has a dual status. Various scholars’ arguments and counterarguments are presented, including syntactic evidence from coordination tests, reflexive pronouns, and negation tests.

Abstract With the rapid development of global financial markets, financial English teaching is becoming more and more important in our country’s higher education system. As a new education model, the integration of industry and education closely combines industry and education, and provides a new way to improve the effect of financial English teaching. This paper takes financial English teaching under the background of integration of production and education as the research object, and discusses the application and effect of situational teaching method in financial English teaching.

Abstract Research based on stylistic markers provides an accurate method for describing language style, and the application of stylistic markers in English learning has gradually garnered attention from scholars. The analytical applications of stylistic markers in language are also pertinent to English language learning. This paper explores the use and differences of dialogue styles in both the original “Thunderstorm” and its English translation, starting from the formal and informal markers of stylistic markers. The analysis focuses on the properties of three categories of formal markers: syntax, vocabulary, and rhetoric, as well as the attributes of two categories of informal markers: the internal qualities of the work and the integration of the recipient’s perspective.

Abstract With the rapid progress of cutting-edge technology, digital life has penetrated into all aspects of the public’s daily life and workplace work. As the foundation of financial work, the basic functions of accounting have also experienced the baptism of the era of big data. Big data not only brings challenges to traditional accounting functions, but also opens up new development space and promotes the continuous optimization of basic accounting functions. Based on this, this paper mainly discusses and analyzes how the basic accounting work of colleges and universities can carry out innovation under the background of big data era.

Abstract Metaphors and financial activities are prevalent in all aspects of human life. Financial English, as an integration of finance and linguistics, has a large number of metaphorical expressions in its discourse system. This paper selected the second edition of Reuters Financial Glossary published by China Financial Publishing House as the research object, collated all the financial English metaphors included in it, and, according to the characteristics of the source domain, divided them into six categories: animal-related, plant-related, object-related, action-related, color-related and weather-related, etc. After that, the paper searched and analyzed the English materials of authoritative journals such as Financial Times and The Economist since 2024, and explored the formation causes and the translation methods of financial English metaphors under the guidance of the metaphor theory. It is hoped that this study will help further deepen the research of financial English metaphors and provide a reference for the translation of financial English texts.

Abstract In the era of digital economy, the social environment faced by enterprises has undergone great changes, and enterprises are facing more fierce social competition. As the front-line personnel of enterprise financial management, the work of accounting personnel is facing great challenges. This paper discusses the influence of digital economy era on enterprise accounting, and puts forward the specific strategy of digital transformation of enterprise accounting in digital economy era for reference.

Abstract In the era of big data, enterprise management accounting is facing unprecedented development opportunities and challenges. This paper aims to explore the development trend of enterprise management accounting in the era of big data, analyze the difficulties it faces, and put forward corresponding innovative strategies, in order to provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the practice of enterprise management accounting.

Abstract Climate change poses significant threats to global cultural heritage, with rising temperatures, increased precipitation, and more frequent extreme weather events accelerating the decay of historic sites and natural landscapes. This paper examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on cultural heritage, highlighting the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies as outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement. Through case studies of Hurst Castle in England and Venice in Italy, the study illustrates how these changes have already led to significant damage to heritage sites. It underscores the role of international cooperation and the integration of climate action into heritage preservation efforts. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of sustainable development and cultural heritage protection, calling for global action to ensure the preservation of human history in the face of climate change. The findings stress the need for comprehensive climate risk assessments and strategic planning to safeguard cultural heritage for future generations.

Abstract Accounting is an important part of enterprise financial management, related to the level of enterprise financial management, related to the financial decision-making of enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the construction of enterprise accounting system, improve the accounting system process based on the actual situation and development needs of enterprises, strengthen the construction of enterprise internal control system, improve the degree of accounting informatization, and build a professional accounting team, so as to improve the efficiency and quality of enterprise financial management and ensure the steady development of enterprises.

Abstract With the gradual improvement of residents’ income level, the market demand for fresh food freshness is growing day by day, and the pursuit of quality is constantly improving. Due to the unique tropical Marine climate, Hainan has a large number of fresh food, such as mango, dragon fruit, lychee and golden passion fruit, which are popular in domestic and foreign markets. When winter comes, fresh food in Hainan has entered major cities in the mainland. However, compared with other coastal provinces, Hainan still has shortcomings in local economic development, especially in optimizing the fresh food supply chain. It faces challenges such as shortage of funds and weak technical strength, which makes it difficult to meet consumers’ demand for high-quality fresh food. At present, Hainan Free Trade Port is in the golden period of development. In the face of challenges and problems as well as huge market demand, it should seize the opportunity, rely on local characteristics, optimize the fresh food supply chain system, give play to its own advantages to avoid disadvantages, and build a management system with local characteristics.

Abstract Through the overview of the integration of industry and finance, this paper analyzes the challenges faced by the transformation of enterprise management accounting, and in response to these challenges, puts forward four feasible strategies to enhance personnel management awareness, strengthen the application of information technology, improve the internal control system and change the concept of financial work, hoping to further promote the successful transformation of enterprise management accounting.

Abstract This paper investigates the use of corpora in studying World Englishes (WEs), focusing on their role in analysing language variation, morpho-syntactic patterns, and sociolinguistic changes. It also addresses key challenges, such as the lack of representativeness, limited spoken data, and difficulties in managing Creole and standard English varieties. The study highlights the need for more comprehensive corpora to better understand the complexities of WEs.

Abstract The “2022 Yan'an Government Work Report” issued by Yan'an City serves as a crucial source of information for both domestic and international audiences aiming to gain insight into the specific circumstances of the city. This paper adopts a communicative translation theory approach to analyze the translation strategies employed in the 2022 Government Work Report.

Abstract With the rapid development of technology, especially the widespread application of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, the rail transit industry is undergoing unprecedented transformation. It is gradually shifting from a traditional management model heavily reliant on manual operations towards a direction of intelligence and automation. This article delves into the intelligent operation system of rail transit from two aspects: train operation situation and passenger flow, analysing its significant role in enhancing operational efficiency, optimizing resource allocation, and improving service quality.

Abstract With the development and growth of the sharing economy, various new forms of employment emerge at the historic moment, and the social security rights and interests of flexible employees in new forms of employment are significantly less than those of traditional practitioners, and the problems in occupational injury protection are especially prominent, which is in urgent need of the state to issue policies to improve. Since 2019, the central and local governments have successively carried out pilot work on occupational injury protection for workers with new employment forms. Based on the PMC policy evaluation index model, this study conducted a systematic quantitative evaluation and analysis of the occupational injury protection policies of the new types of flexible employment in several pilot provinces and cities, quantitatively evaluated the scientific integrity of each dimension of the current policies, and put forward targeted optimization countermeasures for the occupational injury protection policies of the new types of flexible employment. Effectively safeguard the occupational injury protection rights and interests of new types of flexible employment.

Abstract This paper analyzes the conversational implicature of verbal humor based on Grice’s cooperative principle (CP) to explore its generative mechanism in Chinese debate, taking a debate talk show in China, Let’s Talk for example with qualitative analysis method. There are mainly three findings: firstly, the essence of debating language is violating the maxim of quantity. Secondly, sometimes it is necessary for debaters to confound some concepts to confuse opponents and create humor. Thirdly, the violations of CP frequently emerging in debating can be employed as a strong strategy to create humor, engage and persuade audience. This paper hopes to provide rhetorical and pragmatic strategies for debaters in Chinese debating.