This study examines the microeconomic determinants influencing remittance flows to Vietnam, considering factors such as gender (SEX), age (AGE), marital status (MS), income level (INC), educational level (EDU), financial status (FS), migration expenses (EXP), and foreign language proficiency (LAN). The study analyzes the impact of these factors on both the volume (REM_VL) and frequency of remittance flows (REM_FR), employing ordered logistic regression on survey data collected from Vietnamese migrants residing in Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania. The estimations reveal that migrants’ income, age, educational level, and migration costs significantly positively influence remittance flows to Vietnam. Conversely, the financial status of migrants’ families in the home country negatively impacts these flows. Gender and migration costs primarily influence the frequency of remittance transfers, but they do not have a significant effect on the volume of remittances. Although foreign language proficiency was introduced as a novel variable of the models, it does not demonstrate any significant impact in this study. Furthermore, the survey data and regression estimates suggest that two primary motivations drive remittances to Vietnam: altruistic motives and implicit loan agreements. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of remittance e behavior, particularly in the context of Vietnam’s status as a major labor exporter. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers seeking to optimize remittance flows and their impact on the Vietnamese economy. By understanding the complex interplay of factors influencing remittance behavior, policymakers can design effective strategies to support migrants and encourage increased remittance inflows, ultimately contributing to economic development and poverty reduction.

Bauer, T. K., Sinning, M. G. (2011). The savings behavior of temporary and permanent migrants in Germany. Journal of Population Economics, 24(2), 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-010-0306-z

Bettin, G., Lucchetti, R. (2016). Steady streams and sudden bursts: persistence patterns in remittance decisions. Journal of Population Economics, 29(1), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0565-9

Biyase, M., Tregenna, F. (2016). Determinant s of remittances in South Africa (SALDRU Working Paper Number 176; NIDS Discussion Paper 2016/3). https://clutejournals.com/index.php/IBER/article/download/10042/10145/37261

Cox, D. (1987). Motives for Private Income Transfers. Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 508–546. https://doi.org/10.1086/261470

Cox, D., Eser, Z., Jimenez, E. (1998). Motives for private transfers over the life cycle: An analytical framework and evidence for Peru. Journal of Development Economics, 55(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(97)00056-4

de la Brière, B., Sadoulet, E., de Janvry, A., Lambert, S. (2002). The roles of destination, gender, and household composition in explaining remittances: an analysis for the Dominican Sierra. Journal of Development Economics, 68(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00015-9

Erdal, M.B. & Borchgrevink, K. (2017). Transnational Islamic charity as everyday ritual. Global networks, 17(1), 130-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12137

Fonchamnyo, D. C. (2012). The Altruistic Motive of Remittances: A Panel Data Analysis of Economies in Sub Saharan Africa. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n10p192

Glytsos, N. P. (1997). Remitting Behaviour of “Temporary” and “Permanent” Migrants: The Case of Greeks in Germany and Australia. Labour, 11(3), 409–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00043

Green, S. B. (1991), "How Many Subjects Does It Take To Do A Regression Analysis". Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26 (3), 449-510. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7

Gubert, F. (2002). Do Migrants Insure Those who Stay Behind? Evidence from the Kayes Area (Western Mali). Oxford Development Studies, 30(3), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360081022000012699

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). United Kingdom: Cengage Learning.

Heo, N., Kim, D.S. (2019). Determinants of Remittance Behavior among Female Marriage Immigrants in South Korea. Journal of Asian Sociology, 48(3), 415-441. https://doi.org/10.21588/jas/2019.48.3.006

Hoddinott, J. (1994). A model of migration and remittances applied to western kenya. Oxford Economic Papers, 46(3), 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a042141

Intergral Human Development. (2021). Country profiles: Vietnam. https://migrants-refugees.va/country-profile/vietnam/

Javid, M., Hasanov, F.J. (2023). Determinants of remittance outflows: The case of Saudi Arabia. OPEC Energy Review, 47(4), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12291

Johnson, G. E., Whitelaw, W. E. (1974). Urban-Rural Income Transfers in Kenya: An Estimated-Remittances Function. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 22(3), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1086/450731

KNOMAD. (2022). Remittances brave global headwinds, special focus: Climate migration (Migration and Development Brief 37). https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/migration_and_development_brief_37_nov_2022.pdf

Laniran, T., Adeniyi, D. (2015). An Evaluation of the Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Nigeria. African human mobility review, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.14426/ahmr.v1i2.739

Le, T. H., Hoang, P. D., Pham, H. C., et al. (2021). Global economic sanctions, global bank linkages and information asymmetry: An evidence from cross-country data. Global Economy Journal, 21(3), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2194565921500111

Loschmann, C., Siegel, M. (2015). Revisiting the Motivations behind Remittance Behavior: Evidence of Debt-Financed Migration from Afghanistan. Migration Letters, 12(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i1.255

Lowell, B. L., de La Garza, R. O. (2000). The developmental role of remittances in US Latino communities and Latin American Countries (Inter-American Dialogue). https://www.findevgateway.org/paper/2000/06/developmental-role-remittances-us-latino-communities-and-latin-american-countries

Lucas, R., Stark, O. (1985). Motivations to Remit: Evidence from Botswana. Journal of Political Economy, 93(5), 901–918. https://doi.org/10.1086/261341

Mahmud, H. (2020). From individual motivations to social determinants: towards a sociology of migrants’ remittances. International Social Science Journal, 70(237-238), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12247

Mannan, K. A., Farhana, D. K. M. (2014). Micro determinants of international remittances: A household unit analysis of marital status of rural household members in Bangladesh. The International Journal Research Publication’s, 4(8), 47–61.

McCracken, S., Ramlogan-Dobson, C. & Stack, M. M. (2017). A gravity model of remittance determinants: evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Regional Studies, 51(5), 737-749. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1133904

Mohammed, U. (2021). Remittances, institutions and human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Economics and Development, 24(2), 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-03-2021-0041

Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2012). Linear Regression Analysis, 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Mouhoud, E. M., Oudinet, J., & Unan, E. (2008). Macroeconomic determinants of migrants’ remittances in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (No. 7115). https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/research/csgr/research/projects/ineq/cepn-wp4-ineq_mm_paper_4.pdf

Navita, Pal, R. (2020). Analyzing determinants of remittances with endogenous migration decision: evidence from India. Migration and Development, 11(1), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1719692

Nguyen, P.H., Phan, N.T.D (2023). Tác động của kiều hối đến tăng trưởng kinh tế Việt Nam: Nghiên cứu dựa vào mô hình VAR. VNU Journal of Economics and Business, 3(1), 9-18.

Nguyen, T.N., Káposzta, J., Nagy, H., et al. (2015). Progress in the rural development policy of vietnam, with a special focus on Phu Son commune. Romanian Journal of Regional Science, 9(2), 49-67.

Niimi, Y., Pham, T. H., & Reilly, B. (2009). Determinants of Remittances: Recent Evidence Using Data on Internal Migrants in Vietnam. Asian Economic Journal, 23(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2009.02000.x

van Opheusden, B., Acerbi, L., Ma, W. J. (2020). Unbiased and efficient log-likelihood estimation with inverse binomial sampling. PLoS Comput Biol 16(12): e1008483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008483

Osaki, K. (1999). Economic Interactions of Migrants and Their Households of Origin: Are Women More Reliable Supporters? Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 8(4), 447–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719689900800402

Pfau, W. D., Giang, L. T. (2009). Determinants and impacts of international remittances on household welfare in Vietnam. International Social Science Journal, 60(197–198), 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2451.2010.01733.x

Poirine, B. (1997). A theory of remittances as an implicit family loan arrangement. World Development, 25(4), 589–611. https://doi.or/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00121-6

Polat, B. (2021). Determinants of workers remittances: the case of OECD countries. In S. Carabulut, Scientific Evaluation of Economic and Financial Issues (pp. 15-24). Gazi Kitap Evi.

Regmi, G., Tisdell, C. (2002). Remitting Behaviour of Nepalese Rural-to-Urban Migrants: Implications for Theory and Policy. Journal of Development Studies, 38(3), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322351

Sedgwick, P. (2013). Snowball sampling. The BMJ, 347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7511

Semyonov, M., Gorodzeisky, A. (2005). Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers. International Migration Review, 39(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00255.x

Sharma, R., Grote, U. (2018). Who remits and why? Evidence on internal migrant remittances from Vietnam and Thailand. Thailand Vietnam Socio Economic Panel (TVSEP). TVSEP Working Paper, No. WP-009. Hannover: Leibniz Universität Hannover. Retrieved 3 1, 2024, from http://hdl.handle.net/10419/181428

Simpson, N.B, Sparber, C. (2019). Estimating the Determinants of Remittances Originating from U.S. Households using CPS Data. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12480. Bonn. Retrieved 3 1, 2024, from http://hdl.handle.net/10419/202826

Sinning, M. G. (2011). Determinants of savings and remittances: empirical evidence from immigrants to Germany. Review of Economics of the Household, 9(1), 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-009-9082-5

Stark, O. (1991). The Migration of Labor. Wiley Blackwell.

Suhr, D. (2006). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis? Proceedings of the 31st Annual SAS? Users Group International Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., Paper Number: 200-31.

Vacaflores, D. E. (2018). Beyond Altruism and Self-interest: The Growing Importance of External Factors in the Determination of Remittances Flowing to Latin America. International Economic Journal, 32(2), 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2018.1478867

Williams, R. A., Quiroz, C. (2020). Ordinal Regression Models. SAGE Research Methods Foundations, SAGE Publications Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036

World Bank. (2022a). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)-Vietnam. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?end=2021&locations=VN&start=2000

World Bank. (2022b). Net official development assistance received (current US$)-Vietnam. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.CD?end=2020&locations=VN&start=2000

World Bank. (2022c). Personal remittances, received (current US$) - Vietnam. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT?locations=VN