Kambo tourism village masterplan: Community participation in tourism development
Vol 8, Issue 12, 2024
VIEWS - 52 (Abstract) 13 (PDF)
Abstract
This study explores the application of the co-design approach in participatory planning for the development of Kambo Tourism Village, located at the intersection of urban and rural areas in Indonesia. By combining the Delphi Consensus Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the study successfully identified and prioritized key aspects in the planning process, with a primary focus on local community participation. The results indicate that the co-design approach is effective in creating a masterplan that not only aligns with the needs and aspirations of the community but also supports the sustainability and inclusiveness of tourism village development. AHP results reveal that local community participation was assigned the highest priority with a weight of 0.35, followed by stakeholder collaboration with a weight of 0.27. Community participation not only contributed to the creation of a well-structured tourism village masterplan but also enhanced human resource quality and strengthened stakeholder collaboration. The impact of this participatory planning process includes increased national recognition for Kambo Village, the village’s success in receiving awards, and local economic growth. Moreover, the study identified a gap between the calculated and expected weights in the AHP process, highlighting the complexity of aligning diverse stakeholder perspectives. These findings offer both practical and theoretical contributions and open opportunities for further research to address the challenges of participatory planning in the context of tourism villages.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agapito, D., & Guerreiro, M. (2023). Designing Accessible Tourism Experiences: Slow, Sensory And Smart Framework. Enlightening Tourism. A Pathmaking Journal, 13(1), 167–198. https://doi.org/10.33776/et.v13i1.7200
Akbar, A., Flacke, J., Martinez, J., et al. (2020). Participatory planning practice in rural Indonesia: A sustainable development goals-based evaluation. Community Development, 51(3), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1765822
Akira, T. (2010). Regional Development owing to the Commodification of Rural Spaces in Japan. Geographical Review of Japan Series B, 82(2), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.4157/geogrevjapanb.82.103
Arbogast, D., Butler, P., Faulkes, E., et al. (2020). Using social design to visualize outcomes of sustainable tourism planning: a multiphase, transdisciplinary approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(4), 1413–1448. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2019-0140
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder Of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225
Aswani, S., Diedrich, A., & Currier, K. (2015). Planning for the Future: Mapping Anticipated Environmental and Social Impacts in a Nascent Tourism Destination. Society & Natural Resources, 28(7), 703–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1020582
Badulescu, D., & Badulescu, A. (2017). Rural Tourism Development through Cross-border Cooperation. The Case of Romanian-Hungarian Cross-border Area. Eastern European Countryside, 23(1), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2017-0009
Bai, Q., & Cheng, H. (2022). Research on the evolution process and dynamic mechanism of urban and rural tourism space from the perspective of social space. Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research, 2(1), 264. https://doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.2.1.264
Bellato, L., & Cheer, J. M. (2021). Inclusive and regenerative urban tourism: capacity development perspectives. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(4), 943–961. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-08-2020-0167
Bibri, S. E., Krogstie, J., & Kärrholm, M. (2020). Compact city planning and development: Emerging practices and strategies for achieving the goals of sustainability. Developments in the Built Environment, 4, 100021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2020.100021
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2000). 1 Collaboration and Partnerships in Tourism Planning. Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.21832/9780585354224-003
Bronisz, U., & Jakubowski, A. (2017). Rural Tourism as a Factor Stimulating the Development of Border Areas – The Case of Lubelskie Voivodeship. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, 17(4), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.78
Burke, E. M. (1968). Citizen Participation Strategies. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 34(5), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366808977547
Buzinde, C. N., & Caterina-Knorr, T. (2022). Tourism policies and inclusive development: the case of Kenya and Rwanda. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(12), 2752–2770. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2076107
Cheng, T.-M., Wu, H. C., Wang, J. T.-M., et al. (2017). Community Participation as a mediating factor on residents’ attitudes towards sustainable tourism development and their personal environmentally responsible behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(14), 1764–1782. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1405383
Chirenje, L. I., Giliba, R. A., & Musamba, E. B. (2013). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2013.777198
Čiegis, R., & Gineitienė, D. (2008). Participatory aspects of strategic sustainable development planning in local communities: experience of lithuania / strateginio darnaus vystymosi aspektai vietinėse bendruomenėse: lietuvos patirtis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 14(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2008.14.107-117
Cilliers, E. J., & Timmermans, W. (2014). The Importance of Creative Participatory Planning in the Public Place-Making Process. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 41(3), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1068/b39098
Cinderby, S., de Bruin, A., Cambridge, H., et al. (2021). Transforming urban planning processes and outcomes through creative methods. Ambio, 50(5), 1018–1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01436-3
Cizmar, S., & Lisjak, S. (2007). Tourism Master Plans An Effective Tourism Destination Management Tool in SEE. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10033-007-0015-z
Costa, C. (2019). Tourism planning: a perspective paper. Tourism Review, 75(1), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-09-2019-0394
Deng, B., Wong, I. A., & Lian, Q. L. (2024). From metaverse experience to physical travel: the role of the digital twin in metaverse design. Tourism Review, 79(5), 1076–1087. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-05-2023-0315
Dixon, B., McHattie, L. S., & Broadley, C. (2021). The imagination and public participation: a Deweyan perspective on the potential of design innovation and participatory design in policy-making. CoDesign, 18(1), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2021.1979588
Didiharyono, D., Syukri, M., Fisu, A. A., & Apriyanto, A. (2024). Modelling and mapping the poverty levels with applied spatial regression model in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Journal of Social Economics Research, 11(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.18488/35.v11i1.3608
Doganer, S. (2015). Architectural design studio on sustainable tourism alternatives in the San Antonio Missions Historic District. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(3), 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415602955
Fisu, A. A., & Didiharyono, D. (2019). Social Forestry Area Boundary Marking Using Participatory Approach in Ilanbatu Uru Village, Luwu District(Indonesian). To Maega : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(2), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.35914/tomaega.v2i2.220
Fisu, A. A., Didiharyono, D., & Bakhtiar. (2020). Economic & Financial Feasibility Analysis of Tarakan Fishery Industrial Estate Masterplan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 469(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/469/1/012002
Fisu, A. A., & Marzaman, L. U. (2018). Pemetaan Partisipatif Kampung Pesisir Kelurahan Tallo Kota Makassar. To Maega : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 1(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.35914/tomaega.v1i1.70
Fisu, A. A., Syabri, I., & Andani, I. G. A. (2024). How do young people move around in urban spaces?: Exploring trip patterns of generation-Z in urban areas by examining travel histories on Google Maps Timeline. Travel Behaviour and Society, 34, 100686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100686
Fisu, A. A., Syabri, I., Andani, I. G. A., et al. (2024). Rethinking Gen-Z mobility: A comparative study of travel behavior across developed and developing nations. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(9), 5873. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i9.5873
Fouché, E., & Brent, A. (2020). Explore, Design and Act for Sustainability: A Participatory Planning Approach for Local Energy Sustainability. Sustainability, 12(3), 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030862
Guo, H., & Jordan, E. J. (2021). Social exclusion and conflict in a rural tourism community: A case study from Likeng Village, China. Tourist Studies, 22(1), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687976211039067
Hahn, M. B., Kemp, C., Ward-Waller, C., et al. (2020). Collaborative climate mitigation and adaptation planning with university, community, and municipal partners: a case study in Anchorage, Alaska. Local Environment, 25(9), 648–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2020.1811655
Harsia, E., & Nummi, P. (2024). Urban planning as ‘great dialogue’? Developing polyphonic planning practices in a process of hybrid participation, case Viiskorpi, Espoo, Finland. Planning Practice & Research, 39(5), 855–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2024.2377232
Hassenforder, E., Pittock, J., Barreteau, O., et al. (2015). The MEPPP Framework: A Framework for Monitoring and Evaluating Participatory Planning Processes. Environmental Management, 57(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0599-5
He, Y., Wang, J., Gao, X., et al. (2021). Rural Tourism: Does It Matter for Sustainable Farmers’ Income? Sustainability, 13(18), 10440. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810440
Hidayat, R., & Jeneetica, M. (2017). Improvement Possibilities of Rural Tourism in Kampung Nelayan Marunda North Jakarta. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination (ICTGTD 2016). https://doi.org/10.2991/ictgtd-16.2017.39
Holte-McKenzie, M., Forde, S., & Theobald, S. (2006). Development of a participatory monitoring and evaluation strategy. Evaluation and Program Planning, 29(4), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2006.08.007
Jamal, T. B., Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00067-3
Jan, A. U., & Contreras, V. (2016). Critical Reflection about Knowledge Management in a Participatory Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation Course. Voice of the Publisher, 02(01), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4236/vp.2016.21001
Jernsand, E. M. (2019). Student living labs as innovation arenas for sustainable tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1613299
Karrasch, L., Maier, M., Kleyer, M., et al. (2017). Collaborative Landscape Planning: Co-Design of Ecosystem-Based Land Management Scenarios. Sustainability, 9(9), 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091668
Koens, K., Klijs, J., Weber-Sabil, J., et al. (2020). Serious gaming to stimulate participatory urban tourism planning. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(9), 2167–2186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1819301
Kusters, K., Buck, L., de Graaf, M., et al. (2017). Participatory Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms in Integrated Landscape Initiatives. Environmental Management, 62(1), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0847-y
Li, J., Krishnamurthy, S., Pereira Roders, A., et al. (2020a). Community participation in cultural heritage management: A systematic literature review comparing Chinese and international practices. Cities, 96, 102476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102476
Li, X., Zhang, F., Hui, E. C., et al. (2020b). Collaborative workshop and community participation: A new approach to urban regeneration in China. Cities, 102, 102743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102743
Li, Z., Zhang, X., Yang, K., et al. (2021). Urban and rural tourism under COVID-19 in China: research on the recovery measures and tourism development. Tourism Review, 76(4), 718–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-08-2020-0357
Lin, P.-S., & Lin, W.-C. (2020). Rebuilding Relocated Tribal Communities Better via Culture: Livelihood and Social Resilience for Disaster Risk Reduction. Sustainability, 12(11), 4538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114538
Luo, Y. H., (2005). Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering. (2005). In Proceedings of Second International Conference; September 18-21, 2005; Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
Maiti, S., & De Faria, J. V. (2017). Participatory planning processes in Indian cities: its challenges and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Urbanization, Planning and Progress, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.18063/jsupp.2017.01.001
Makáň, L., Ryglová, K., Rašovská, I., et al. (2023). Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Tourist Behavior: A Case Study on South Moravia. European Countryside, 15(2), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2023-0015
Manaf, A., Purbasari, N., Damayanti, M., et al. (2018). Community-Based Rural Tourism in Inter-Organizational Collaboration: How Does It Work Sustainably? Lessons Learned from Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7), 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072142
Marzaman, L. U., Hafid, Z. A., Fisu, A. A., et al. (2019). Place Making Workshop Batupasi Sub District Palopo City. To Maega : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.35914/tomaega.v2i1.233
Mausch, K., Harris, D., & Revilla Diez, J. (2021). Rural Aspirations: Reflections for Development Planning, Design and Localized Effects. The European Journal of Development Research, 33(4), 795–808. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00407-y
Mei, R., & Han, L. (2022). Evaluation System of Rural Sustainable Tourism Land Based on Ecosystem Service Value. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 29(3), 347–369. https://doi.org/10.2478/eces-2022-0025
Moscardo, G. (2011). Exploring social representations of tourism planning: issues for governance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.558625
Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2022). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 5: Co-creative qualitative approaches for emerging themes in primary care research: Experience-based co-design, user-centred design and community-based participatory research. European Journal of General Practice, 28(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2021.2010700
Munkhuu, B., Sukhragchaa, A., & Badarch, L. (2023). Residents Perceptions of Tourism Development and Activities: The Case of Mongolia as a Developing Country with a Small Market. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 11(3), 1115. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v11i3.988
Nguyen, H. V., Diane, L., & Newsome, D. (2020). Kinh and ethnic tourism stakeholder participation and collaboration in tourism planning in Sapa, Vietnam. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14(4), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-12-2018-0179
Nurhijrah, N., & Fisu, A. A. (2019). Faktor-Faktor Pembentuk Place Memory Pada Bangunan Cagar Budaya di Kota Palopo. Prosiding Temu Ilmiah IPLBI 2019, C050–C055. https://doi.org/10.32315/ti.8.c050
Ottaviani, D., Demiröz, M., Szemző, H., et al. (2023). Adapting Methods and Tools for Participatory Heritage-Based Tourism Planning to Embrace the Four Pillars of Sustainability. Sustainability, 15(6), 4741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064741
Pathumporn, J., & Nakapaksin, S. (2016). Accommodation management for integrated sustainable tourism management. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 11(3), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.2495/sdp-v11-n3-236-244
Quan-Baffour, K. P. (2020). Cultural tourism and socio-economic regeneration of rural communities: the Apo festival of Bono Takyiman, Ghana. African Identities, 21(1), 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2020.1856644
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Jaafar, M. (2016). Community Participation toward Tourism Development and Conservation Program in Rural World Heritage Sites. Tourism - From Empirical Research Towards Practical Application. https://doi.org/10.5772/62293
Raynor, K. E., Doyon, A., & Beer, T. (2017). Collaborative planning, transitions management and design thinking: evaluating three participatory approaches to urban planning. Australian Planner, 54(4), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2018.1477812
Ridho, Z., & Alisa, F. (2020). Sustainable Cultural Tourism Development: A Strategic For Revenue Generation in Local Communities. Research Culture. https://doi.org/10.21428/e61c265e.f512dbd8
Rutting, L., Vervoort, J. M., Mees, H., et al. (2021). Participatory scenario planning and framing of social-ecological systems: an analysis of policy formulation processes in Rwanda and Tanzania. Ecology and Society, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-12665-260420
Saf, H. O. (2022). The Importance of Rural Tourism in the Context of Sustainable Urban Development and Its Impact on Rural Development: The Case of Foça Kozbeyli. Kent Akademisi, 15(4), 1835-1854. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1006379
Saha, G. C. (2020). Rural Socio-Economic Development through Tourism in Bangladesh: Ways and Means. American Economic & Social Review, 6(1), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v6i1.507
Santoro, F. M., Borges, M. R. S., & Santos, N. (2004). Planning the collaboration process: one-way to make it happen. 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 2, 647–651. https://doi.org/10.1109/cacwd.2004.1349263
Selman, P. (2004). Community participation in the planning and management of cultural landscapes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 47(3), 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964056042000216519
Seo, B. K. (2022). Co-creation of knowledge in the urban planning context: The case of participatory planning for transitional social housing in Hong Kong. Cities, 122, 103518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103518
Shafieisabet, N., & Haratifard, S. (2020). Community-Based Tourism: An Approach for Sustainable Rural Development Case Study Asara district, Chalous Road. Journal of Sustainable Rural Development. https://doi.org/10.32598/jsrd.02.02.30
Shelbourn, M., Bouchlaghem, N. M., Anumba, C., et al. (2007). Planning and implementation of effective collaboration in construction projects. Construction Innovation, 7(4), 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714170710780101
Simmons, D. G. (1994). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Management, 15(2), 98-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5
Smith, R. W. (1973). A theoretical basis for participatory planning. Policy Sciences, 4(3), 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01435125
Spadaro, I., Pirlone, F., Bruno, F., et al. (2023). Stakeholder Participation in Planning of a Sustainable and Competitive Tourism Destination: The Genoa Integrated Action Plan. Sustainability, 15(6), 5005. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065005
Sun, A., Chen, L., Yoshida, K., et al. (2023). Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Bed and Breakfasts in the All-for-One Tourism Demonstration Area of China: A Perspective on Urban–Rural Differences. Land, 12(9), 1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091720
Tan, J., Wang, K., Gan, C., et al. (2023). The Impacts of Tourism Development on Urban–Rural Integration: An Empirical Study Undertaken in the Yangtze River Delta Region. Land, 12(7), 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071365
Tauxe, C. S. (1995). Marginalizing Public Participation in Local Planning: An Ethnographic Account. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(4), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369508975658
Tekalign, M., Groot Zevert, N., Weldegebriel, A., et al. (2018). Do Tourists’ Preferences Match the Host Community’s Initiatives? A Study of Sustainable Tourism in One of Africa’s Oldest Conservation Areas. Sustainability, 10(11), 4167. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114167
Tewdwr-Jones, M. (1998). Rural government and community participation: The planning role of community councils. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00047-8
Tippett, J., Handley, J. F., & Ravetz, J. (2007). Meeting the challenges of sustainable development—A conceptual appraisal of a new methodology for participatory ecological planning. Progress in Planning, 67(1), 9–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2006.12.004
Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27(3), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.004
Tou, H. julianti, Melinda Noer, & Helmi. (2022). Sustainable Pilar Of Rural Tourism Development. Jurnal Rekayasa, 12(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.37037/jrftsp.v12i1.129
Utami, L. A., Lechner, A. M., Permanasari, E., et al. (2022). Participatory Learning and Co-Design for Sustainable Rural Living, Supporting the Revival of Indigenous Values and Community Resiliency in Sabrang Village, Indonesia. Land, 11(9), 1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091597
Volenzo, T. E., & Odiyo, J. (2018). Ecological Public Health and Participatory Planning and Assessment Dilemmas: The Case of Water Resources Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081635
Wahyuni, N. M., Astara, I. W. W., & Dewi, K. G. P. (2023). Management Optimization for Strengthening Catur Kintamani Tourism Village. International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science, 4(3), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v4i3.541
Wang, R., Gao, L., Zhu, Y., et al. (2023). Urban–Rural Integration Empowers High-Quality Development of Tourism Economy: Mechanism and Empirical Evidence. Sustainability, 15(22), 15893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215893
Weaver, D. (2005). The distinctive dynamics of exurban tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.521
Wesselink, A., Paavola, J., Fritsch, O., et al. (2011). Rationales for Public Participation in Environmental Policy and Governance: Practitioners’ Perspectives. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 43(11), 2688–2704. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44161
Wu, H., Hou, C. (2019). Utilizing co-design approach to identify various stakeholders’ roles in the protection of intangible place-making heritage. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 29(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-09-2018-0291
Wulandari, L. D., Asikin, D., Firsandy, B. A., et al. (2024). Edu-Tourism Concept in Eco-Friendly Farm Development Design in Ngronggot Village, Nganjuk, East Jawa. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1310(1), 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1310/1/012005
Zhang, J. (2021). The nonlinear effects of tourism on rural income inequality and urban–rural income inequality: Evidence from China. Tourism Economics, 29(1), 172–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211041802
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i12.8978
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.