The impact of urban soccer events on carbon emissions: Panel threshold analysis for Chinese cities

Jun Jin, Jinqi Chen, Lingying Pan

Article ID: 8947
Vol 8, Issue 13, 2024

VIEWS - 40 (Abstract) 120 (PDF)

Abstract


The holding of soccer events has an important impact on modern urban activities, which is conducive to the economic development, social harmony, cultural integration and regional integration of cities. However, massive energy is consumed during the event preparation and infrastructure construction, resulting in an increase in the city’s carbon emissions. For the sustainable development of cities, it is important to explore the theoretical mechanism and practical effectiveness of the relationship between soccer events and urban carbon emissions, and to adopt appropriate policy management measures to control carbon emissions of soccer events. With the development of green technology, digitalization, and public transportation, the preparation and management methods of soccer events are diversified, and the possibility of carbon reduction of the event is further increased. This paper selects 17 cities in China from 2011 to 2019 and explores the complex impact of soccer events on urban carbon emissions by using green technology innovation, digitalization level and public transportation as threshold variables. The results show that: (1) Hosting soccer events increases carbon emissions with an impact coefficient of 0.021; (2) There is a negative single-threshold effect of green innovation technology, digitalization level and public transportation on the impact of soccer events on carbon emissions, with the impact coefficients of soccer events decreasing by 0.008, 0.01 and 0.06, respectively, when the threshold variable crosses the threshold. These findings will enhance the attention of city managers to the management of carbon emissions from soccer events and provide guidance for reducing carbon emissions from soccer events through green technology innovation, digital means and optimization of public transportation.


Keywords


soccer events; carbon emissions; green technology innovation; digitalization level; public transportation

Full Text:

PDF


References


Al-Hamrani, A., Kim, D., Kucukvar, M., et al. (2021). Circular economy application for a Green Stadium construction towards sustainable FIFA world cup Qatar 2022™. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 87, 106543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106543

Beck, K. (2021). Capital mobility and the synchronization of business cycles: Evidence from the European Union. Review of International Economics, 29(4), 1065–1079. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12536

Belhadi, A., Venkatesh, M., Kamble, S., et al. (2024). Data-driven digital transformation for supply chain carbon neutrality: Insights from cross-sector supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 270, 109178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109178

Caiazza, R., Audretsch, D. (2015). Can a sport mega-event support hosting city’s economic, socio-cultural and political development? Tourism Management Perspectives, 14, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.01.001

Chard, C., & Mallen, C. (2013). Renewable Energy Initiatives at Canadian Sport Stadiums: A Content Analysis of Web-Site Communications. Sustainability, 5(12), 5119–5134. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5125119

Chen, A., Li, L., & Shahid, W. (2024). Digital transformation as the driving force for sustainable business performance: A moderated mediation model of market-driven business model innovation and digital leadership capabilities. Heliyon, 10(8), e29509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29509

Chen, S., Ding, D., Shi, G., et al. (2022). Digital economy, industrial structure, and carbon emissions: An empirical study based on a provincial panel data set from China. Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment, 20(4), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjpre.2022.11.002

Cheng, S., Wang, P., Chen, B., et al. (2022). Decoupling and decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions from government spending in China. Energy, 243, 122741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122741

Collins, A., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options? Tourism Management, 30(6), 828–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.006

Cooper, J. A. (2020). Making orange green? A critical carbon footprinting of Tennessee football gameday tourism. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 24(1), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2020.1726802

Crabb, L. A. H. (2017). Debating the success of carbon-offsetting projects at sports mega-events. A case from the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 37(2), 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1364652

Derindag, O. F., Maydybura, A., Kalra, A., et al. (2023). Carbon emissions and the rising effect of trade openness and foreign direct investment: Evidence from a threshold regression model. Heliyon, 9(7), e17448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17448

Dolf, M., & Teehan, P. (2015). Reducing the carbon footprint of spectator and team travel at the University of British Columbia’s varsity sports events. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.003

Fernández-Martínez, A., Tamayo-Fajardo, J. A., Nuviala, R., et al. (2021). The management of major sporting events as an antecedent to having the city recommended. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100528

Gerke, A., Fehrer, J., Benson-Rea, M., et al. (2024). A Typology of Circular Sport Business Models: Enabling Sustainable Value Co-Creation in the Sport Industry. Journal of Sport Management, 38(4), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2023-0093

Gupta, S., & Rhyner, J. (2022). Mindful Application of Digitalization for Sustainable Development: The Digitainability Assessment Framework. Sustainability, 14(5), 3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053114

Hansen, B. E. (1999). Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93(2), 345-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(99)00025-1

Herold, D. M., Breitbarth, T., Hergesell, A., et al. (2024). Sport events and the environment: Assessing the carbon footprint of spectators’ modal choices at professional football games in Austria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142259

Hu, H., Chen, Y., & Li, W. (2023). The green economic impact of a green comprehensive industry agglomeration: An example from the sports industry. Heliyon, 9(12), e22707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22707

Hu, L., Yuan, W., Jiang, J., et al. (2023). Asymmetric effects of industrial structure rationalization on carbon emissions: Evidence from thirty Chinese provinces. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139347

Ito, E., Higham, J., & Cheer, J. M. (2022). Carbon emission reduction and the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100056

Jia, L., Hu, X., Zhao, Z., et al. (2022). The Impact of Digitization on Green Innovation Performance: Evidence Based on Panel Data of 228 Prefectural‐Level Cities in China. Complexity, 2022(1). Portico. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9442902

Jie, G., & Jiahui, L. (2023). Media attention, green technology innovation and industrial enterprises’ sustainable development: The moderating effect of environmental regulation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 79, 873–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.07.003

Katsaprakakis, D. Al., Papadakis, N., Giannopoulou, E., et al. (2023). Rational Use of Energy in Sport Centers to Achieving Net Zero—The SAVE Project (Part B: Indoor Sports Hall). Energies, 16(21), 7308. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217308

Li, G., Lai, S., Lu, M., et al. (2023). Digitalization, Carbon Productivity and Technological Innovation in Manufacturing—Evidence from China. Sustainability, 15(14), 11014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411014

Li, J., Jiang, M., & Li, G. (2024). Does the new energy vehicles subsidy policy decrease the carbon emissions of the urban transport industry? Evidence from Chinese cities in Yangtze River Delta. Energy, 298, 131322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131322

Lin, B., & Huang, C. (2023). Nonlinear relationship between digitization and energy efficiency: Evidence from transnational panel data. Energy, 276, 127601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127601

Liu, H., Wang, X., Wang, Z., et al. (2024). Does digitalization mitigate regional inequalities? Evidence from China. Geography and Sustainability, 5(1), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2023.09.007

Liu, K. P., & Chiu, W. (2021). Supply Chain 4.0: the impact of supply chain digitalization and integration on firm performance. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 10(2), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-021-00137-8

Liu, Z., & Guo, D. (2023). Assessing the carbon footprint of soccer events through a lightweight CNN model utilizing transfer learning in the pursuit of carbon neutrality. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1208643

Lutfi, A., Alqudah, H., Alrawad, M., et al. (2023). Green Environmental Management System to Support Environmental Performance: What Factors Influence SMEs to Adopt Green Innovations? Sustainability, 15(13), 10645. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310645

Manni, M., Coccia, V., Nicolini, A., et al. (2018). Towards Zero Energy Stadiums: The Case Study of the Dacia Arena in Udine, Italy. Energies, 11(9), 2396. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092396

McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M. E., & Nguyen, S. N. (2015). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096251

Ning, J., Yin, Q., & Yan, A. (2022). How does the digital economy promote green technology innovation by manufacturing enterprises? Evidence from China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.967588

Ran, Z., Gao, S., Zhang, B., et al. (2023). Non-linear effects of multi-dimensional urbanization on ecosystem services in mega-urban agglomerations and its threshold identification. Ecological Indicators, 154, 110846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110846

Ren, X., Zhao, M., Yuan, R., et al. (2023). Influence mechanism of financial development on carbon emissions from multiple perspectives. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 39, 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.05.009

Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Ahmad, N., et al. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality: The way forward. Energy Policy, 98, 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.002

Tan, X., Abbas, J., Al-Sulaiti, K., et al. (2024). The Role of Digital Management and Smart Technologies for Sports Education in a Dynamic Environment: Employment, Green Growth, and Tourism. Journal of Urban Technology, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2024.2327269

Tao, M., Sheng, M. S., & Wen, L. (2023). How does financial development influence carbon emission intensity in the OECD countries: Some insights from the information and communication technology perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 335, 117553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117553

Triantafyllidis, S. (2018). Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research and Sustainable Transportation in the Sports Industry. C, 4(4), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/c4040057

Triantafyllidis, S., Ries, R., & Kaplanidou, K. (2018). Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Spectators’ Transportation in Collegiate Sporting Events: Comparing On-Campus and Off-Campus Stadium Locations. Sustainability, 10(1), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010241

Valero-Gil, J., Suárez-Perales, I., Garcés-Ayerbe, C., et al. (2024). Navigating toward the promised land of digitalization and sustainability convergence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 202, 123283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123283

Wang, X. (2020). Research on environmental green development technology by sustainable utilisation of green sports buildings. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 23(2/3/4), 162. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2020.112961

Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Li, M.-X. (2019). Regional characteristics of sports industry profitability: Evidence from China’s province level data. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 525, 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.03.066

Wicker, P. (2019). The carbon footprint of active sport participants. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.001

Xiang, Y., Cui, H., & Bi, Y. (2023). The impact and channel effects of banking competition and government intervention on carbon emissions: Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 175, 113476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113476

Xu, W., & Liu, S. (2024). Novel economic models for advancing urban energy management and transition: Simulation of urban energy system in digital twin. Sustainable Cities and Society, 101, 105154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.105154

Yao, S., & Zhang, S. (2021). Energy mix, financial development, and carbon emissions in China: a directed technical change perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(44), 62959–62974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15186-6

Zhang, C., Zhou, X., Zhou, B., et al. (2022). Impacts of a mega sporting event on local carbon emissions: A case of the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympics. China Economic Review, 73, 101782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101782

Zhou, C., Wang, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Examining the influences of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Kuznets curve relationship. Science of The Total Environment, 675, 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.269

Zhou, L., Ke, Z., & Waqas, M. (2023). Beyond the Arena: How sports economics is advancing China’s sustainable development goals. Heliyon, 9(7), e18074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18074




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i13.8947

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Jun Jin, Jinqi Chen, Lingying Pan

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.