The interest in smart grids and new technologies is growing around the world. Countries are investing in the development of new technologies that will help achieve environmental goals, energy supply efficiency, improve energy efficiency and increase consumer involvement in the energy generation. One of such technology is a blockchain. It is believed that the blockchain, combined with a smart grid, provides an opportunity to integrate the activities of all stakeholders, including: generators, distributors and consumers of electricity. The aim of the article is to identify the key research areas discussed by the researchers of both the smart grid and the blockchain issues. An analysis of the Scopus database from 2015 to 2023 was conducted. Using a created bibliometric query, a systematic literature review was conducted. 476 scientific publications relating to the issues addressed were identified. Using the VOSviewer software, a bibliometric analysis was performed using the author’s keywords. The bibliometric maps obtained allowed for the identification of key research areas. The article also presents potential future directions of scientific considerations, which should be focused on the issue of green smart grid and green blockchain. The results presented in the article can inspire researchers looking for research gaps or describing the current state of knowledge in the field of the smart grid and the blockchain issues.

1. Aderibole, A., Aljarwan, A., Ur Rehman, M. H., et al. (2020). Blockchain Technology for Smart Grids: Decentralized NIST Conceptual Model. IEEE Access, 8, 43177–43190. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2977149
2. Aklilu, Y. T., & Ding, J. (2021). Survey on Blockchain for Smart Grid Management, Control, and Operation. Energies, 15(1), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010193
3. Alladi, T., Chamola, V., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., et al. (2019). Blockchain in Smart Grids: A Review on Different Use Cases. Sensors, 19(22), 4862. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224862
4. Alsolami, M., Alferidi, A., Lami, B., et al. (2023). Peer-to-peer trading in smart grid with demand response and grid outage using deep reinforcement learning. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14(12), 102466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102466
5. Ante, L., Steinmetz, F., & Fiedler, I. (2021). Blockchain and energy: A bibliometric analysis and review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597
6. Awan, S. M., Azad, M. A., Arshad, J., et al. (2023). A Blockchain-Inspired Attribute-Based Zero-Trust Access Control Model for IoT. Information, 14(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020129
7. Bagga, P., Das, A. K., Chamola, V., et al. (2022). Blockchain-envisioned access control for internet of things applications: a comprehensive survey and future directions. Telecommunication Systems, 81(1), 125–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-022-00938-7
8. Bayindir, N. D., Nurgul, H., Senyapar, D., & Bayindir, R. (2023). Research Agenda on Smart Grids: Foresights for Social Acceptance. 16, 6439. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186439
9. Ben Youssef, A., & Mejri, I. (2023). Linking Digital Technologies to Sustainability through Industry 5.0: A bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 15(9), 7465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097465
10. Biegańska, M. (2022). IoT-Based Decentralized Energy Systems. Energies, 15(21), 7830. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217830
11. Carrera-Rivera, A., Ochoa, W., Larrinaga, F., et al. (2022). How-to conduct a systematic literature review: A quick guide for computer science research. MethodsX, 9, 101895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101895
12. Çolak, M., & Irmak, E. (2023). A State-of-the-Art Review on Electric Power Systems and Digital Transformation. Electric Power Components and Systems, 51(11), 1089–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2023.2189760
13. Dong, Z., Luo, F., & Liang, G. (2018). Blockchain: a secure, decentralized, trusted cyber infrastructure solution for future energy systems. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 6(5), 958–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-018-0418-0
14. Fakhar, A., Haidar, A. M. A., Abdullah, M. O., et al. (2022). Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Green Energy, 20(3), 284–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2022.2038610
15. Gai, K., Wu, Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2019). Privacy-Preserving Energy Trading Using Consortium Blockchain in Smart Grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15(6), 3548–3558. https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2893433
16. Hasan, M. K., Alkhalifah, A., Islam, S., et al. (2022). Blockchain Technology on Smart Grid, Energy Trading, and Big Data: Security Issues, Challenges, and Recommendations. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9065768
17. Hassan, M. U., Rehmani, M. H., & Chen, J. (2022). Optimizing Blockchain Based Smart Grid Auctions: A Green Revolution. IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 6(1), 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3095424
18. Honari, K., Rouhani, S., Falak, N. E., et al. (2023). Smart Contract Design in Distributed Energy Systems: A Systematic Review. Energies, 16(12), 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124797
19. Hua, W., Chen, Y., Qadrdan, M., et al. (2022). Applications of blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies for enabling prosumers in smart grids: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112308
20. Kalbantner, J., Markantonakis, K., Hurley-Smith, D., et al. (2021). P2PEdge: A Decentralised, Scalable P2P Architecture for Energy Trading in Real-Time. Energies, 14(3), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030606
21. Kamran, M., Khan, H. U., Nisar, W., et al. (2020). Blockchain and Internet of Things: A bibliometric study. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 81, 106525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.106525
22. Khan, H., & Masood, T. (2022). Impact of Blockchain Technology on Smart Grids. Energies, 15(19), 7189. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197189
23. Kirby, A. (2023). Exploratory Bibliometrics: Using VOSviewer as a Preliminary Research Tool. Publications, 11(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications11010010
24. Kozar, Ł. J., & Sulich, A. (2023a). Energy Sector’s Green Transformation towards Sustainable Development: A Review and Future Directions. Sustainability, 15(15), 11628. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511628
25. Kozar, Ł. J., & Sulich, A. (2023b). Green Jobs in the Energy Sector. Energies, 16(7), 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073171
26. Kozar, Ł., & Paduszyńska, M. (2021). Change Dynamics of Electricity Prices for Households in the European Union between 2011 and 2020. Finanse i Prawo Finansowe, 4(32), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.4.32.07
27. Kozar, Ł., & Wodnicka, M. (2024). Blockchain in energy: literature review in the context of sustainability. Economics and Environment, 90(3), 866. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2024.90.3.866
28. Kumar, N. M., Chand, A. A., Malvoni, M., et al. (2020). Distributed Energy Resources and the Application of AI, IoT, and Blockchain in Smart Grids. Energies, 13(21), 5739. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215739
29. Kumari, A., Chintukumar Sukharamwala, U., Tanwar, S., et al. (2022). Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Transactive Energy Management Scheme for Smart Grid System. Sensors, 22(13), 4826. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134826
30. Lampropoulos, G. (2023). Artificial intelligence in smart grids: A bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping study. Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology, 14(1), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2023.v14.11-34
31. Lee, J., Kim, M., Park, K., et al. (2023). Blockchain-Based Data Access Control and Key Agreement System in IoT Environment. Sensors, 23(11), 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115173
32. Li, D., & Gong, Y. (2022). The design of power grid data management system based on blockchain technology and construction of system security evaluation model. Energy Reports, 8, 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.05.277
33. Li, J., Herdem, M. S., Nathwani, J., et al. (2023). Methods and applications for Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Internet of Things, and Blockchain in smart energy management. Energy and AI, 11, 100208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2022.100208
34. Mahmood, A., Khan, A., Anjum, A., et al. (2023). An efficient and privacy-preserving blockchain-based secure data aggregation in smart grids. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 60, 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103414
35. Mazhar, T., Irfan, H. M., Khan, S., et al. (2023). Analysis of Cyber Security Attacks and Its Solutions for the Smart grid Using Machine Learning and Blockchain Methods. Future Internet, 15(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15020083
36. Miglani, A., Kumar, N., Chamola, V., et al. (2020). Blockchain for Internet of Energy management: Review, solutions, and challenges. Computer Communications, 151, 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.014
37. Minoli, D., & Occhiogrosso, B. (2018). Blockchain mechanisms for IoT security. Internet of Things, 1–2, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2018.05.002
38. Mollah, M. B., Zhao, J., Niyato, D., et al. (2021). Blockchain for Future Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(1), 18–43. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2993601
39. Mololoth, V. K., Saguna, S., & Åhlund, C. (2023). Blockchain and Machine Learning for Future Smart Grids: A Review. Energies, 16(1), 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010528
40. Moniruzzaman, M., Yassine, A., & Benlamri, R. (2023). Blockchain and cooperative game theory for peer-to-peer energy trading in smart grids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 151, 109111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109111
41. Musleh, A. S., Yao, G., & Muyeen, S. M. (2019). Blockchain Applications in Smart Grid–Review and Frameworks. IEEE Access, 7, 86746–86757. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2920682
42. Oad, A., Ahmad, H. G., Talpur, M. S. H., et al. (2023). Green smart grid predictive analysis to integrate sustainable energy of emerging V2G in smart city technologies. Optik, 272, 170146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170146
43. Oberko, P. S. K., Yao, T., Xiong, H., Kumari, S., & Kumar, S. (2023). Blockchain-Oriented Data Exchange Protocol With Traceability and Revocation for Smart Grid. Journal of Internet Technology, 24(2), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.53106/160792642023032402026
44. Pati, D., & Lorusso, L. N. (2017). How to Write a Systematic Review of the Literature. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717747384
45. Pop, C., Cioara, T., Antal, M., et al. (2018). Blockchain Based Decentralized Management of Demand Response Programs in Smart Energy Grids. Sensors, 18(1), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010162
46. Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Simske, S., et al. (2022). The big picture on the internet of things and the smart city: a review of what we know and what we need to know. Internet of Things, 19, 100565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2022.100565
47. Said, D. (2023). A Survey on Information Communication Technologies in Modern Demand-Side Management for Smart Grids: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 51(1), 76–107. https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2022.3186154
48. Sulich, A., & Kozar, Ł. J. (2023). Wearables and Sustainable Development: Exploring Future Implications for the Green Jobs and Green Labor Market. Procedia Computer Science, 225, 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.012
49. Teimoori, Z., & Yassine, A. (2022). A Review on Intelligent Energy Management Systems for Future Electric Vehicle Transportation. Sustainability, 14(21), 14100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114100
50. Wang, Q., Li, R., & Zhan, L. (2021). Blockchain technology in the energy sector: From basic research to real world applications. Computer Science Review, 39, 100362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.100362
51. Wodnicka, M. (2019). Blockchain technologies the future of logistics (Polish). Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie, 41(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.25944/ZNMWSE.2019.01.4354
52. Wodnicka, M. (2023). Greenwashing in the context of sustainable development and sustainable consumer choices. Władza Sądzenia, 25, 22–36. https://doi.org/10.18778/2300-1690.25.02
53. Zhao, M., Ding, Y., Tang, S., et al. (2022). A blockchain-based framework for privacy-preserving and verifiable billing in smart grid. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 16(1), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-022-01379-4