The problem of flooding in the capital is still classified as a classic problem, but this problem still continues to emerge and becomes a trending problem during the rainy season in urban weather. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of governance collaboration in overcoming the Jakarta flood problem. This research uses qualitative analysis and a content analysis approach. This research found that flood management using a collaborative governance approach was running optimally, the involvement of the private sector and the community was a good and rare synergy. support from international funding sources is used with effective management with the aim of using the budget on target. In the end, this research concludes that collaborative governance in Jakarta flood management is carried out optimally but requires sustainable collaborative efforts. This research has limitations in reaching the involvement of personal actors as a source of supporting information in disaster mitigation studies. Further research requires a more comprehensive discussion by reviewing the involvement of important actors in flood disaster mitigation.

1. Abdi-Dehkordi, M., Bozorg-Haddad, O., Salavitabar, A., et al. (2021). Development of flood mitigation strategies toward sustainable development. Natural Hazards, 108(3), 2543–2567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04788-5
2. Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Gumilar, I., et al. (2015). Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta.In: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences; pp. 115–120. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-115-2015
3. Akbar, M. S., & Aldrich, D. P. (2017). Social capital’s role in recovery: evidence from communities affected by the 2010 Pakistan floods. Disasters, 42(3), 475–497. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12259
4. Aldardasawi, A. F. M., & Eren, B. (2021). Floods and Their Impact on the Environment. Academic Perspective Procedia, 4(2), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.04.02.24
5. Alshaikh, R. Z., Abdulmunem, S. A., & Alkinani, A. S. (2023). A Review on Urban Planning and Its Role in Managing Flood Risks. Urban Planning and Construction, 1(1), 1–8.
6. Amri, P., Nurmandi, A., & Mutiarin, D. (2022). The role of policy actors in determining the direction of disruptive innovation policy. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 11(4, special issue), 374–386. Portico. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i4siart18
7. Arnell, N. W., & Gosling, S. N. (2014). The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale. Climatic Change, 134(3), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1084-5
8. Asdak, C., Supian, S., & Subiyanto. (2018). Watershed management strategies for flood mitigation: A case study of Jakarta’s flooding. Weather and Climate Extremes, 21, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2018.08.002
9. Aung, T. M., & Lim, S. (2021). Evolution of Collaborative Governance in the 2015, 2016, and 2018 Myanmar Flood Disaster Responses: A Longitudinal Approach to a Network Analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 12(2), 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00332-y
10. Ayuningtyas, A., Mokodenseho, S., Aziz, A. M., et al. (2023). Big Data Analysis and Its Utilization for Business Decision-Making. West Science Information System and Technology, 1(01), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsist.v1i01.177
11. Basnou, C., Pino, J., Davies, C., et al. (2020). Co-design Processes to Address Nature-Based Solutions and Ecosystem Services Demands: The Long and Winding Road Towards Inclusive Urban Planning. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2020.572556
12. Basuki, T. M., Nugroho, H. Y. S. H., Indrajaya, Y., et al. (2022). Improvement of Integrated Watershed Management in Indonesia for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review. Sustainability, 14(16), 9997. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169997
13. Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
14. Bier, V. (2011). Hurricane Katrina as a Bureaucratic [J]. On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, 243.
15. Birkinshaw, S. J., & Krivtsov, V. (2022). Evaluating the Effect of the Location and Design of Retention Ponds on Flooding in a Peri-Urban River Catchment. Land, 11(8), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081368
16. Brack, W., Ait-Aissa, S., Backhaus, T., et al. (2019). Strengthen the European collaborative environmental research to meet European policy goals for achieving a sustainable, non-toxic environment. Environmental Sciences Europe, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0232-y
17. Caljouw, M., Nas, P. J. M., & Pratiwo, Mr. (2009). Flooding in Jakarta: Towards a blue city with improved water management. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 161(4), 454–484. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003704
18. Chan, N. W., Ghani, A. A., Samat, N., Hasan, N. N. N., & Tan, M. L. (2020). Integrating Structural and Non-structural Flood Management Measures for Greater Effectiveness in Flood Loss Reduction in the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. In: Proceedings of AICCE’19; Springer International Publishing. pp. 1151–1162.
19. Chan, N. W., Roy, R., Lai, C. H., et al. (2018). Social capital as a vital resource in flood disaster recovery in Malaysia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(4), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1467312
20. Chen, R. S., & Li, T.-S. (2020). Identifying the multiplex network of collaborative decision-making in municipal disaster preparation. J US China Public Adm, 17(5), 192–202.
21. Chen, W., Zhang, H., Comfort, L. K., et al. (2020). Exploring complex adaptive networks in the aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Safety Science, 125, 104607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104607
22. Cobián Álvarez, J. A., & Resosudarmo, B. P. (2019). The cost of floods in developing countries’ megacities: a hedonic price analysis of the Jakarta housing market, Indonesia. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 21(4), 555–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-019-00242-w
23. Crick, F., Jenkins, K., & Surminski, S. (2018). Strengthening insurance partnerships in the face of climate change – Insights from an agent-based model of flood insurance in the UK. Science of The Total Environment, 636, 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.239
24. Davis, E. J., White, E. M., Cerveny, L. K., et al. (2017). Comparison of USDA Forest Service and Stakeholder Motivations and Experiences in Collaborative Federal Forest Governance in the Western United States. Environmental Management, 60(5), 908–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0913-5
25. Devine, P. W., Srinivasan, C. A., & Zaman, M. S. (2004). Importance of Data in Decision-Making. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24700-5_2
26. Djalante, R., & Thomalla, F. (2012). Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/17595901211245260
27. Du, W., FitzGerald, G. J., Clark, M., et al. (2010). Health Impacts of Floods. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 25(3), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008141
28. Dwirahmadi, F., Barnes, P., Wibowo, A., et al. (2023). Linking Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation through Collaborative Governance: Experience from Urban Flooding in Jakarta. Geosciences, 13(11), 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110353
29. Dwirahmadi, F., Rutherford, S., Phung, D., et al. (2019). Understanding the Operational Concept of a Flood-Resilient Urban Community in Jakarta, Indonesia, from the Perspectives of Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Development Agencies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203993
30. Elkhrachy, I. (2022). Flash Flood Water Depth Estimation Using SAR Images, Digital Elevation Models, and Machine Learning Algorithms. Remote Sensing, 14(3), 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030440
31. Feldy, M. (2015). Internet website as a tool of communication in scientific institutions. Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations, 18(4), 37-76.
32. Finger, D. C., Lipovac, A., Stricevic, R., et al. (2019). The Perception of Stakeholders to Implement Nature-Based Solution for Flood Protection in the Balkans and in Iceland. In: Proceedings, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030043
33. Firman, T., Surbakti, I. M., Idroes, I. C., et al. (2011). Potential climate-change related vulnerabilities in Jakarta: Challenges and current status. Habitat International, 35(2), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.11.011
34. Fitria, R., Rahmayanti, H., & Sumargo, B. (2023). The causal loop diagram model of flood management system based on eco-drainage concept. Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 6(3), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinerejes.v6i3.243
35. Garschagen, M., Surtiari, G. A. K., & Harb, M. (2018). Is Jakarta’s New Flood Risk Reduction Strategy Transformational? Sustainability, 10(8), 2934. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082934
36. Goenawan, R. D., Ridwan, R., Sadly, M., et al. (2015). Experimental Assessment of Integrated Technology Application Used to Rain (WM4RR) & Floods Reduction (AR-DWIS) in Jakarta. Procedia Engineering, 125, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.039
37. Gormley, M., Kelly, D., Campbell, D., et al. (2021). Building Drainage System Design for Tall Buildings: Current Limitations and Public Health Implications. Buildings, 11(2), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020070
38. Graneheim, U. H., Lindgren, B.-M., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002
39. Grosof, M. S., & Sardy, H. (1985). Techniques for Analysis of Data. A Research Primer for the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-304180-7.50015-4
40. Group, W. B. (2012). World Bank Supports Flood Mitigation Efforts in Jakarta. Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/01/17/world_bank_supportsfloodmitigationeffortsinjakarta (accessed on 3 May 2024).
41. Hatchard, S., Schmitt, R. J. P., Pianosi, F., et al. (2023). Strategic siting and design of dams minimizes impacts on seasonal floodplain inundation. Environmental Research Letters, 18(8), 084011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ace122
42. Hayakawa, M., Nakajima, T., & Hakoda, R. (2021). Examination of Flood Countermeasures Utilizing a Yokohama City Main Rainwater Pipeline and Public–Private Anti-Flood Measures. Journal of Disaster Research, 16(3), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0437
43. Hemmati, M., Mahmoud, H. N., Ellingwood, B. R., et al. (2021). Shaping urbanization to achieve communities resilient to floods. Environmental Research Letters, 16(9), 094033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1e3c
44. Hermansson, H. M. L. (2015). Disaster management collaboration in turkey: assessing progress and challenges of hybrid network governance. Public Administration, 94(2), 333–349. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12203
45. Hidayatullah, M. A., Purnaweni, H., & Yuwono, T. (2023). Collaborative Governance Process in Flood Management in Semarang City (Indonesian). Jurnal Pemerintahan Dan Politik, 8(4), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.36982/jpg.v8i4.3472
46. Hood, C. (2010). The Blame Game. Available online: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400836819/html (accessed on 3 May 2024).
47. Htein, M. K., Lim, S., & Zaw, T. N. (2018). The evolution of collaborative networks towards more polycentric disaster responses between the 2015 and 2016 Myanmar floods. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 964–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.08.003
48. Isa, M., Fauzi, A., & Susilowati, I. (2019). Flood risk reduction in the northern coast of Central Java Province, Indonesia: An application of stakeholder’s analysis. Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.660
49. Ishiwatari, M. (2019). Flood risk governance: Establishing collaborative mechanism for integrated approach. Progress in Disaster Science, 2, 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100014
50. Ishiwatari, M., & Sasaki, D. (2022). Disaster Risk Reduction Funding: Investment Cycle for Flood Protection in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063346
51. Islam, R., Kamaruddin, R., Ahmad, S. A., Jan, S., & Anuar, A. R. (2016). A review on mechanism of flood disaster management in Asia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(1), 29-52.
52. Josè Moisès, D., Kgabi, N., & Kunguma, O. (2023). Integrating “Top-Down” and “Community-Centric” Approaches for Community-Based Flood Early Warning Systems in Namibia. Challenges, 14(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14040044
53. Kagabu, M., Shimada, J., Delinom, R., et al. (2012). Groundwater age rejuvenation caused by excessive urban pumping in Jakarta area, Indonesia. Hydrological Processes, 27(18), 2591–2604. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9380
54. Kapucu, N., Garayev, V., & Wang, X. (2013). Sustaining Networks in Emergency Management. Public Performance & Management Review, 37(1), 104–133. https://doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576370105
55. Khan, A., Rahman, A.-U.-, -, S., & Ayub, M. (2021). Impact of Soil sealing on the genesis of urban flood in Peshawar, Pakistan. Available online: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-188693/v1 (accessed on 3 May 2024).
56. Klijn, E.-H., & Koppenjan, J. (2006). Governing Policy Networks. Handbook of Decision Making, 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420016918.ch10
57. Kousha, K., & Thelwall, M. (2017). News stories as evidence for research? BBC citations from articles, Books, and Wikipedia. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(8), 2017–2028. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23862
58. Kretschmer, A., Zabek, M., Tran, K., et al. (2021). Legal instruments for the design of sustainable buildings. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 855(1), 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/855/1/012014
59. Kunreuther, H., & Lyster, R. (2016). The role of public and private insurance in reducing losses from extreme weather events and disasters. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, 19, 29–54. https://doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2016.01.02
60. Kythreotis, A. P., Mercer, T. G., & Frostick, L. E. (2013). Adapting to Extreme Events Related to Natural Variability and Climate Change: The Imperative of Coupling Technology with Strong Regulation and Governance. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(17), 9560–9566. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4014294
61. Lai, C., & Hsu, Y. (2018). Understanding activated network resilience: A comparative analysis of co‐located and co‐cluster disaster response networks. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(1), 14–27. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12224
62. Lassa, J., Petal, M., & Surjan, A. (2022). Understanding the impacts of floods on learning quality, school facilities, and educational recovery in Indonesia. Disasters, 47(2), 412–436. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12543
63. Lažetić, P. (2019). Studying similarities and differences in higher education organisations based on their websites – comparative methodological approaches and research potential. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 23(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2019.1672286
64. Lebel, L., Manuta, J. B., & Garden, P. (2010). Institutional traps and vulnerability to changes in climate and flood regimes in Thailand. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0118-4
65. Lecheler, S., & Kruikemeier, S. (2015). Re-evaluating journalistic routines in a digital age: A review of research on the use of online sources. New Media & Society, 18(1), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815600412
66. Lestari, S. (2016). BNPB: Jakarta Bay Reclamation Could Cause Floods (Indonesian). Available online: http://regional.kompas.com/read/2016/04/18/14101801/BNPB.Reklamasi.Teluk.Jakarta.Bisa.Sebabkan.Bencana.Banjir (accessed on 3 May 2024).
67. Lim, S., Moon, J., & Oh, Y. (2016). Policing Reform in the South Korean Maritime Police After the Sewol Ferry Disaster. Public Administration and Development, 36(2), 144–156. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1757
68. Liu, J., Doan, C. D., Liong, S.-Y., et al. (2014). Regional frequency analysis of extreme rainfall events in Jakarta. Natural Hazards, 75(2), 1075–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1363-5
69. Macdonald, N., Redfern, T., Miller, J., et al. (2022). Understanding the impact of the built environment mosaic on rainfall-runoff behaviour. Journal of Hydrology, 604, 127147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127147
70. Maidl, E., & Buchecker, M. (2015). Raising risk preparedness by flood risk communication. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15(7), 1577–1595. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1577-2015
71. Mallett, L. H., & Etzel, R. A. (2017). Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health? Disasters, 42(3), 432–458. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12256
72. Marfai, M. A., Sekaranom, A. B., & Ward, P. (2014). Community responses and adaptation strategies toward flood hazard in Jakarta, Indonesia. Natural Hazards, 75(2), 1127–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1365-3
73. Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Background and Procedures BT - Approaches to Qualitative Research in Mathematics Education: Examples of Methodology and Methods (A. Bikner-Ahsbahs, C. Knipping, & N. Presmeg (eds.); pp. 365–380). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9181-6_13
74. McGrane, S. J. (2016). Impacts of urbanisation on hydrological and water quality dynamics, and urban water management: a review. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61(13), 2295–2311. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1128084
75. Mei, X., Van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., Dai, Z., et al. (2016). Impact of dams on flood occurrence of selected rivers in the United States. Frontiers of Earth Science, 11(2), 268–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-016-0592-1
76. Merten, J., Stiegler, C., Hennings, N., et al. (2020). Flooding and land use change in Jambi Province, Sumatra: integrating local knowledge and scientific inquiry. Ecology and Society, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-11678-250314
77. Miraee-Ashtiani, S., Vahedifard, F., Karimi-Ghartemani, M., et al. (2022). Performance Degradation of Levee-Protected Electric Power Network Due to Flooding in a Changing Climate. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 37(6), 4651–4660. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3146229
78. Morton, L. W., & Olson, K. R. (2014). Addressing Soil Degradation and Flood Risk Decision Making in Levee Protected Agricultural Lands under Increasingly Variable Climate Conditions. Journal of Environmental Protection, 05(12), 1220–1234. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.512117
79. Mu, D., Luo, P., Lyu, J., et al. (2020). Impact of temporal rainfall patterns on flash floods in Hue City, Vietnam. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 14(1). Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12668
80. O’Donnell, E. C., & Thorne, C. R. (2020). Drivers of future urban flood risk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 378(2168), 20190216. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0216
81. Ogie, R. I., Shukla, N., Sedlar, F., et al. (2017). Optimal placement of water-level sensors to facilitate data-driven management of hydrological infrastructure assets in coastal mega-cities of developing nations. Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.019
82. Oneto, G., & Canepa, M. (2023). Addressing sustainable urban flood risk: reviewing the role and scope of theoretical models and policies. Water Policy, 25(8), 797–814. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2023.022
83. Osei-Kyei, R., Tam, V. W. Y., Komac, U., et al. (2023). Review of the Relationship Management Strategies for Building Flood Disaster Resilience through Public–Private Partnership. Sustainability, 15(13), 10089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310089
84. Pant, R., Thacker, S., Hall, J. W., et al. (2017). Critical infrastructure impact assessment due to flood exposure. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11(1), 22–33. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12288
85. Peter, A., & Adeola Mathew, F. (2018). Structural flood defence measures and effects on the surroundings. EPH - International Journal of Applied Science, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.53555/eijas.v4i1.60
86. Pramono, I. B. (2021). Nature-based solutions for integrating flood and land subsidence: A case study in Jakarta and Semarang. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 874(1), 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/874/1/012001
87. Provan, K. G., & Milward, H. B. (2001). Do Networks Really Work? A Framework for Evaluating Public‐Sector Organizational Networks. Public Administration Review, 61(4), 414–423. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00045
88. Putra, I. D. G. A., Sopaheluwakan, A., Adi, B. P., et al. (2021). The Use of Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM) of Disdrometer and Weather Radar to Determine the Microphysics Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall in Jakarta. (Jakarta Flood Case Study February 25, 2020). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 893(1), 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012017
89. Qi, H. (2019). Strengthening the rule of law in collaborative governance. Journal of Chinese Governance, 4(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2019.1565852
90. Qi, W., Ma, C., Xu, H., et al. (2022). A comprehensive analysis method of spatial prioritization for urban flood management based on source tracking. Ecological Indicators, 135, 108565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108565
91. Qi, W., Ma, C., Xu, H., et al. (2024). An exploratory framework to urban flood collaborative mitigation strategy considering synergistic effect of inundation volume. Journal of Hydrology, 628, 130555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130555
92. Rabcan, J., Rusnak, P., Zaitseva, E., et al. (2019). Analysis of Data Reliability based on Importance Analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT); pp. 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1109/dt.2019.8813668
93. Rahmayanti, K. P. (2021). Promote collaborative governance? Review of disaster risk reduction strategy in Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 724(1), 012044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012044
94. Ramadhan, A., Firdaus, M., Wijaya, R. A., et al. (2016). Estimation of losses to fishermen and fish farmers due to reclamation in Jakarta Bay (Indonesian). Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan Dan Perikanan, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v11i1.3168
95. Ravit, B., Gallagher, F., Doolittle, J., et al. (2017). Urban wetlands: restoration or designed rehabilitation? AIMS Environmental Science, 4(3), 458–483. https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2017.3.458
96. Richards, D. R., & Edwards, P. J. (2017). Using water management infrastructure to address both flood risk and the urban heat island. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(4), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1357538
97. Rijal, S. (2023). The Importance of Community Involvement in Public Management Planning and Decision-Making Processes. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management (ADMAN), 1(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.61100/adman.v1i2.27
98. Riza, H., Santoso, E. W., Gunawan Tejakusuma, I., et al. (2020). Advancing Flood Disaster Mitigation in Indonesia Using Machine Learning Methods. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS); pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/iciss50791.2020.9307561
99. Robinson, S. E., Eller, W. S., Gall, M., et al. (2013). The Core and Periphery of Emergency Management Networks. Public Management Review, 15(3), 344–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.769849
100. Rochim, M., Bajari, A., Damayanti, N. A., et al. (2020). Community-Based Disaster Communication Management. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(4), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2020-3604-21
101. Roychowdhury, S., & Bhattacharya, D. (n.d.). Uncovering Data for Decision Making With Critical Statistical Analysis. Statistical Tools and Analysis in Human Resources Management, 38–53. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4947-5.ch003
102. Rudi, A. (2016). Ahok believes that reclamation will not cause flooding (Indonesian). Available online: http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2016/04/02/12024581/Ahok.Yakin.Reklamasi.Tak.Sebabkan.Banjir (accessed on 3 May 2024).
103. Rukmana, D. (2016). Flood Governance in Jakarta: The Role of CBOs in Mitigating Annual Floods. Available online: https://www.mei.edu/publications/flood-governance-jakarta-role-cbos-mitigating-annual-floods (accessed on 3 May 2024).
104. Sadler, J. M., Goodall, J. L., Morsy, M. M., et al. (2018). Modeling urban coastal flood severity from crowd-sourced flood reports using Poisson regression and Random Forest. Journal of Hydrology, 559, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.044
105. Salahudin, S., Nurmandi, A., & Loilatu, M. J. (2020). How to Design Qualitative Research with NVivo 12 Plus for Local Government Corruption Issues in Indonesia? Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.113124
106. Sapat, A., Esnard, A.-M., & Kolpakov, A. (2019). Understanding Collaboration in Disaster Assistance Networks: Organizational Homophily or Resource Dependency? The American Review of Public Administration, 49(8), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074019861347
107. Saputra, D., Wibowo, A., Marnani, C. S., et al. (2023). Strategy and Formulation of Disaster Management Policies in Indonesia. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 38(1), 520. https://doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.1.5246
108. Sari, D. P., & Anwar, M. R. (2021). Developing an Ahp-based model for evaluating mitigation programs for flood disaster: case study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Spektrum Sipil, 8(2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.29303/spektrum.v8i2.205
109. Sarmiento Barletti, J. P., Larson, A. M., Hewlett, C., et al. (2020). Designing for engagement: A Realist Synthesis Review of how context affects the outcomes of multi-stakeholder forums on land use and/or land-use change. World Development, 127, 104753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104753
110. Segarra-Blasco, A., García-Quevedo, J., & Teruel, M. (2013). Financial Constraints and the Failure of Innovation Projects. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2229167
111. Setiawan, B. I., & Ma’mun, M. I. (2021). Climate trends and rainfall patterns in the Ciliwung watershed, West Java of Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 622(1), 012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/622/1/012047
112. Sett, D., & Sandholz, S. (2020). Adaptive Social Protection - an innovative approach to build resilience in a multi-hazard environment. Available online: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2020/EGU2020-19463.html (accessed on 3 May 2024).
113. Shah, A. A., Ullah, A., Khan, N. A., et al. (2023). Community social barriers to non-technical aspects of flood early warning systems and NGO-led interventions: The case of Pakistan. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1068721
114. Shah, I., Elahi, N., Alam, A., et al. (2020). Institutional arrangement for disaster risk management: Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101784
115. Sharma, R. (2021). Community Based Flood Risk Management: Local Knowledge and Actor’s Involvement Approach from Lower Karnali River Basin of Nepal. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 09(06), 35–65. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2021.96003
116. Sharma, R., & Malaviya, P. (2021). Management of stormwater pollution using green infrastructure: The role of rain gardens. WIREs Water, 8(2). Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1507
117. Simanjuntak, I., Frantzeskaki, N., Enserink, B., et al. (2012). Evaluating Jakarta’s flood defence governance: the impact of political and institutional reforms. Water Policy, 14(4), 561–580. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.119
118. Sohrabizadeh, S., Shafiei Moghaddam, P., Nejati-Zarnaqi, B., et al. (2022). Challenges and Barriers to the Participation of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Flood Management: A Qualitative Study from Iran. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.123
119. Stokes, A., Roberts, C., Crowley, K., et al. (2013). Methods of Knowledge Exchange and Learning Focused on Local Authorities’ Experiences of Flood Science Communication. International Journal of Science Education, Part B, 5(2), 114–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548455.2013.855835
120. Sultana, P., & Thompson, P. (2010). Local institutions for floodplain management in Bangladesh and the influence of the Flood Action Plan. Environmental Hazards, 9(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2010.si05
121. Sumi, T., Saber, M., & Kantoush, S. A. (2013). Japan-Egypt Hydro Network: Science and Technology Collaborative Research for Flash Flood Management. Journal of Disaster Research, 8(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0028
122. Sun, T. (2021). Research on Economic Value Evaluation of Data Analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2021 2nd International Conference on Big Data & Artificial Intelligence & Software Engineering (ICBASE); pp. 136–139. https://doi.org/10.1109/icbase53849.2021.00033
123. Sunarharum, T. M., Sloan, M., & Susilawati, C. (2021). Collaborative Approach for Community Resilience to Natural Disaster: Perspectives on Flood Risk Management in Jakarta, Indonesia. Springer Singapore.
124. Susilowardhani, E. M., Djuhardi, L., & Yulianti, I. (2018). Risk Communication in Reducing Flood Risk in Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 145, 012085. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/145/1/012085
125. Tan, L., & Schultz, D. M. (2021). Damage classification and recovery analysis of the Chongqing, China, floods of August 2020 based on social-media data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 313, 127882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127882
126. Tando, C. E., Sudarmo, S., & Haryanti, R. H. (2022). Collaborative Governance Effort to Manage Forest in Kalimantan Island: Literature Review. Journal of Tropical Forest Management, 28(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.28.1.15
127. Texier, P. (2008). Floods in Jakarta: when the extreme reveals daily structural constraints and mismanagement. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 17(3), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560810887284
128. Wang, F., Xie, Z., Liu, H., et al. (2022). Multiobjective Emergency Resource Allocation under the Natural Disaster Chain with Path Planning. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137876
129. Wang, H.-W., Lin, C.-W., Yang, C.-Y., Ding, C.-F., Hwung, H.-H., & Hsiao, S.-C. (2018). Assessment of Land Subsidence and Climate Change Impacts on Inundation Hazard in Southwestern Taiwan. Irrigation and Drainage, 67(S1), 26–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2206
130. Waugh, W. L., & Streib, G. (2006). Collaboration and Leadership for Effective Emergency Management. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 131–140. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00673.x
131. Weber, E. P. (2003). Bringing Society Back In: Grassroots Ecosystem Management, Accountability, and Sustainable Communities. MIT Press Direct. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1672.001.0001
132. Wicaksono, A., & Herdiansyah, H. (2019). The impact analysis of flood disaster in DKI Jakarta: prevention and control perspective. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1339(1), 012092. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012092
133. Widiachristy, L., & Rachmanto, A. S. (2021). The effectiveness of Jakarta smart city application in enhancing community resilience in facing flood risk. Journal of Architecture & Environment, 20(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.12962/j2355262x.v20i1.a9034
134. Widodo, W., Gustari, I., & Permana, R. (2023). A Mediation Model of the Effect of Visionary Leadership on Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(4), 104–123. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.4.7
135. Wihanesta, R., Sulaeman, D., Pradana, A., & S. Pribadi, Y. (2021). The Reasons for Jakarta's Frequent Flooding and How Nature-based Solutions (NbS) Can Help Reduce the Risk. WRI Indonesia.
136. Wijaya. (2016). CA Reclamation Project Answers Jakarta Bay Pollution Problems: Ahok (Indonesian). The Jakarta Post.
137. Wijayanti, P., Zhu, X., Hellegers, P., et al. (2016). Estimation of river flood damages in Jakarta, Indonesia. Natural Hazards, 86(3), 1059–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2730-1
138. Wolbers, J., Boersma, K., & Groenewegen, P. (2017). Introducing a Fragmentation Perspective on Coordination in Crisis Management. Organization Studies, 39(11), 1521–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840617717095
139. Wolcott, H. F. (2002). Writing Up Qualitative Research...Better. Qualitative Health Research, 12(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732302012001007
140. Xie, L., Wang, Y., & Li, S. (2023). How government-public collaboration affects individual mitigation responses to flooding: A case study in Yellow River Delta area, China. Forest and Society, 7(2), 184–199. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i2.22601
141. Yakubu, U. S., Ekule, A. A., Abdul, C. I., & Baiyegunhi, M. C. (2022). Capacity Building for Disaster Mitigation in The Flood Plains Areas of Kogi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, 10(4), 8–21.
142. Yang, F., Xiong, S., Ou, J., et al. (2022). Human Settlement Resilience Zoning and Optimizing Strategies for River-Network Cities under Flood Risk Management Objectives: Taking Yueyang City as an Example. Sustainability, 14(15), 9595. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159595
143. Yoga Putra, G. A., Koestoer, R. H., & Lestari, I. (2019). Local resilience towards overcoming floods of local climate change for adaptation: A study of marunda community in north Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 239, 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/239/1/012043
144. Yuliadi, D., Eriyatno, -, J. Purwanto, M. Y., & Nurjana, I. W. (2016). Socio Economical Impact Analysis and Adaptation Strategy for Coastal Flooding (Case Study on North Jakarta Region). International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.6.3.836