Indonesia has a new capital, officially known as Nusantara (IKN). The nearest access to and from IKN is through Balikpapan Bay, a confined waterway that may eventually result in traffic congestion and interfere with shipping operations. This research aims to investigate ship traffic and safety governance policies, as few researchers have previously studied this issue in the IKN waters. We collected the empirical data in four steps. Firstly, we conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions attended by related stakeholders, such as the Harbormaster and Port Authority, the Indonesian Maritime Court, the Navigation District Officers, SOE Port Managers, Local Government, and Shipping Companies Association. Next, we distributed questionnaires to shipping operators. Furthermore, using triangulation techniques, this research suggests the need to harmonize regulations implemented by related agencies involved in shipping activities. The last step was determining ship routes to ensure maritime safety and ship traffic efficiency. The proposed harmonization would provide port and shipping operators with business certainty in accordance with applicable laws. The research also recommended sharing authority between the IKN Authority Agency, which is responsible for the exploitation of water areas, and the Transportation Ministry, which regulates maritime traffic and safety.

sea traffic; ship safety; new capital; shipping routes; regulation harmonization

Althaus, C., Ball, S., Bridgman, P., et al. (2022). The Australian Policy Handbook. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003351993 Chen, L., Qi, J., & Shi, J. (2023). A cellular automata ship traffic flow model considering navigation rules in narrowing channel. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 69, 715–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.01.062 Crestelo Moreno, F., Roca Gonzalez, J., Suardíaz Muro, J., et al. (2022). Relationship between human factors and a safe performance of vessel traffic service operators: A systematic qualitative-based review in maritime safety. Safety Science, 155, 105892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105892 Fasoulis, I., & Kurt, R. E. (2019). Embracing sustainability in shipping: Assessing industry’s adaptations incited by the, newly, introduced “triple bottom line” approach to sustainable maritime development. Social Sciences, 8(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070208 Feng, H., Grifoll, M., Yang, Z., et al. (2022). Collision risk assessment for ships’ routeing waters: An information entropy approach with Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Ocean & Coastal Management, 224, 106184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106184 Ghalib, H., El-Khorazaty, M. T., & Serag, Y. (2021). New capital cities as tools of development and nation-building: Review of Astana and Egypt’s new administrative capital city. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(3), 3405–3409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.11.014 Grech, A., Bos, M., Brodie, J., et al. (2013). Guiding principles for the improved governance of port and shipping impacts in the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 75(1–2), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.013 Gumzej, R. (2023). Intelligent logistics systems in E-commerce and transportation. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 20(2), 2348–2363. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023110 Haezendonck, E. (2020). Port strategy for sustainable development: Circularization and value creation—introduction to a special issue. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(23), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239914 Hu, Z., Liu, Y., & Sun, H. (2023). Safety Measures and Practice of Ship Navigation in Restricted Visibility Base on Collision Case Study. American Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 8(4), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtte.20230804.11 Huntington, H. P., Bobbe, S., Hartsig, A., et al. (2019). The role of areas to be avoided in the governance of shipping in the greater Bering Strait region. Marine Policy, 110, 103564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103564 IMO. (1997). Resolution A.857(20) adopted on 27 November 1997 Guidelines for Vessel Traffic Services. 857(December), 1–26. IMO. (2003). Guidelines for the installation of a shipborne automatic identification system (AIS). SN/Circ.227, 14. Kristiansen, S., & Haugen, S. (2022). Maritime Transportation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003055464 Li, M., Li, B., Qi, Z., et al. (2024). Enhancing Maritime Navigational Safety: Ship Trajectory Prediction Using ACoAtt–LSTM and AIS Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 13(3), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13030085 Li, W., Bai, X., Yang, D., et al. (2023). Maritime connectivity, transport infrastructure expansion and economic growth: A global perspective. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 170, 103609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103609 Li, X., Oh, P., Zhou, Y., et al. (2023). Operational risk identification of maritime surface autonomous ship: A network analysis approach. Transport Policy, 130(July 2022), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.10.012 Liu, J., Yu, B., Shan, W., et al. (2021). Optimizing the container truck paths with uncertain travel time in container ports. Transport, 36(6), 444–462. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.16169 Makarov, D., Makarova, O., Mayurov, N., et al. (2022). Development prospects and importance of the Northern Sea Route. Transportation Research Procedia, 63, 1114–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.114 Morgan, D. L. (2017). Commentary—After Triangulation, What Next? Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 13(1), 5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689818780596 Netirith, N., & Ji, M. (2022). Analysis of the Efficiency of Transport Infrastructure Connectivity and Trade. Sustainability, 14(15), 9613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159613 Nyenno, I., Rekova, N., & Minakova, S. (2019). Joint Value as a Measure of Sea Trade Port Stakeholder Effect. Social Sciences, 8(4), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040120 Pirotta, V., Grech, A., Jonsen, I. D., et al. (2019). Consequences of global shipping traffic for marine giants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1987 Puriningsih, F. S. (2022). Sorong Port Infrastructure Needs to Support the World Maritime Axis. Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, 34(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v34i1.1536 Rahayu, L., Busscher, T., Tillema, T., et al. (2024). Maritime transport governance challenges in the Global South. Marine Policy, 163, 106147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106147 Richter, M. A., Hagenmaier, M., Bandte, O., et al. (2022). Smart cities, urban mobility and autonomous vehicles: How different cities needs different sustainable investment strategies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 184, 121857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121857 Sepehri, A., Vandchali, H. R., Siddiqui, A. W., et al. (2022). The impact of shipping 4.0 on controlling shipping accidents: A systematic literature review. Ocean Engineering, 243(November), 110162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110162 Sheikh, W., & Alom, K. (2021). Corporate governance, board practices and performance of shipping firms in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 37(3), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2021.06.005 Shelmerdine, R. L. (2015). Teasing out the detail: How our understanding of marine AIS data can better inform industries, developments, and planning. Marine Policy, 54, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.010 Shin, S. H., Kwon, O. K., Ruan, X., et al. (2018). Analyzing sustainability literature in maritime studies with text mining. Sustainability, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103522 Skovgaard, J. (2018). Policy coherence and organizational cultures: Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction targets. Environmental Policy and Governance, 28(5), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1821 Song, T., Li, Y., & Hu, X. (2017). Cost-effective optimization analysis of shore-to-ship power system construction and operation. 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, EI2 2017 - Proceedings, 2018-Janua, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EI2.2017.8245586 Theotokatos, G., Dantas, J. L. D., Polychronidi, G., et al. (2023). Autonomous shipping—an analysis of the maritime stakeholder perspectives. In WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-022-00290-2 Tong, S., Liu, J., Zhao, L., et al. (2019). Impact on water traffic environment based on ism model. ICTIS 2019 - 5th International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety, 2018, 1188–1191. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTIS.2019.8883693 Toscano, D., & Murena, F. (2019). Atmospheric ship emissions in ports: A review. Correlation with data of ship traffic. Atmospheric Environment: X, 4, 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100050 Tsou, M. C. (2010). Discovering knowledge from AIS database for application in VTS. Journal of Navigation, 63(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463310000135 van Thiel, S. (2021). Research Methods in Public Administration and Public Management. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003196907 van Westrenen, F., & Baldauf, M. (2020). Improving conflicts detection in maritime traffic: Case studies on the effect of traffic complexity on ship collisions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 234(1), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090219845975 Wahid, A., Jinca, M. Y., Rachman, T., et al. (2023). Determination of Indicators of Implementation of Sea Transportation Safety Management System for Traditional Shipping Based on Delphi Approach. Sustainability, 15(13), 10080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310080 Xiao, F., Ligteringen, H., Van Gulijk, C., et al. (2015). Comparison study on AIS data of ship traffic behavior. Ocean Engineering, 95, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.11.020 Yusuf, A. A., Roos, E. L., Horridge, J. M., et al. (2023). Indonesian capital city relocation and regional economy’s transition toward less carbon-intensive economy: An inter-regional CGE analysis. Japan and the World Economy, 68, 101212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2023.101212 Zhang, L., Meng, Q., & Fang Fwa, T. (2019). Big AIS data based spatial-temporal analyses of ship traffic in Singapore port waters. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 129, 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.07.011