Most countries have adopted a more liberal policy to socialize public relations under the influence of neoliberalism and lobbying by economic elites to strengthen the role of market mechanisms and citizens’ entrepreneurial activity. The nature, scale, sequence, and strategy of economic and social reforms in each country have their specifics. Today multi-vector and large-scale changes are taking place in social and labor policy, and they do not always have an internal logic. The study assesses prospects for the development of the labor market in the context of global transformations. Within the framework of this study, the collected information was processed gradually. Data processing was modified during the study phase. At the first stage, data processing results were used to determine total and non-farm self-employment for two groups of countries with developing economies and estimate the scale of vulnerable employment. At the second stage, indicators were identified that characterize various categories of economically active population that belong to the precariat. At the third stage, the authors analyzed data on non-standard forms of employment. The authors assumed that these forms have a right to exist and will be implemented more often. There is an imbalance between standard and non-standard forms of employment. Further research should consider the transformation of labor from material and intangible dominants to creativity.

Agamirova, E. V., Agamirova, E. V., Lebedeva, О. Ye., et al. (2017). Methodology of estimation of quality of tourist product. Quality – Access to Success, 18(157), 82-84.

Andersson, A. B. (2021). Social capital and self-efficacy in the process of youth entry into the labour market: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Sweden. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 71, 100580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100580

Bagratuni, K., Kashina, E., Kletskova, E., et al. (2023). Impact of socially responsible business behavior on implementing the principles of sustainable development (Experience of large business). International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(8), 2481-2488. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180819

Bobkov, V. N., Simonova, M. V., Loktyuhina, N. V., et al. (2020). Peculiarities of unstable employment in the era of a digital economy from data of social media of Russia. In: Ashmarina, S., Mesquita, A., & Vochozka, M. (editors). Digital Transformation of the Economy: Challenges, Trends, and New Opportunities. Springer, pp. 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11367-4_22

Borodina, M., Idrisov, H., Kapustina, D., et al. (2023). State regulation of digital technologies for sustainable development and territorial planning. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(5), 1615-1624. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180533

Borodkin, L. (2023). Transformatsiya universitetskogo istoricheskogo obrazovaniya na fone tsifrovoy epokhi: Nauchno-metodicheskiy seminar v MGU [Transformation of university history education against the backdrop of the digital era: Academic and methodological seminar at Moscow State University]. Istoricheskaya informatika, 1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2024.1.70393

Chanysheva, A., Kopp, P., Romasheva, N., & Nikulina, A. (2021). Migration attractiveness as a factor in the development of the russian arctic mineral resource potential. Resources, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10060065

Chevrier, S., Goiseau, E., Lugosi, P., et al. (2023). Managing mentoring for the labor market integration of humanitarian migrants. Journal of International Management, 29(6), 101062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2023.101062

Demkina, N. I., Kostikov, P. A., & Lebedev, K. A. (2019). Formation of professional competence of future specialists in the field of information environment. Espacios, 40(23), 3.

Dosi, G., Pereira, M. C., Roventini, A., et al. (2022). Technological paradigms, labour creation and destruction in a multi-sector agent-based model. Research Policy, 51(10), 104565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104565

Dzhancharov, T., Rozanova, T., Pasternak, S., et al. (2023). Introduction of economic and legal measures for the development of the ecologization system at an enterprise. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(8), e972. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i7.972

Dzhancharova, G., Kosheleva, A., Drobysheva, N., et al. (2023). Economic and legal aspects of foreign economic risks within the framework of sustainable development of Russian enterprises. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(3), e0317. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i3.317

Ervin, J., Taouk, Y., Hewitt, B., et al. (2023). The association between unpaid labour and mental health in working-age adults in Australia from 2002 to 2020: A longitudinal population-based cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 8(4), e276-e285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00030-0

Gurinovich, A. G., & Petrykina, N. I. (2021). Specifics of developing the Institution of Public Service: International Experience and its application in Russia. Jurídicas CUC, 17(1), 253-276. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.17.1.2021.09

Harsløf, I., & Zuev, D. (2023). Temporary transnational labour mobility and gendered individualization in Europe. Mobilities, 18(2), 232-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2022.2092417

Johnson, L., Mikulewicz, M., Bigger, P., et al. (2023). Intervention: The invisible labor of climate change adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 83, 102769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102769

Kenzhin, Z. B., Tulegenova, A. U., Zolkin, A. L., et al. (2021). Labor market under economy digitalization. E3S Web of Conferences, 311, 08007. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131108007

Konovalova, E. E., Yudina, E. V., Bushueva, I. V., et al. (2018). Forming approaches to strategic management and development of tourism and hospitality industry in the regions. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(2), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.2(26).03

Kopackova, H., Simonova, S., & Reimannova, I. (2024). Digital transformation leaders wanted: How to prepare students for the ever-changing demands of the labor market. The International Journal of Management Education, 22(1), 100943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100943

Lebedev, K. A., Reznikova, O. S., Dimitrieva, S. D., et al. (2018). Methodological approaches to assessing the efficiency of personnel management in companies. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 9(4), 1331-1336. https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.4(34).20

Loseva, E. S., Chasovskaya, L. A., Lebedev, K. A., et al. (2017). Optimizing the effect of international trade on population well-being. Espacios, 38(24), 28-33.

Mirzabalaeva, F. I., Shichkin, I. A., & Neterebsky, O. V. (2019). Economic depression in regional labor markets and subsidy dependence of regions. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 1838-1845.

Mukhlynina, M. M., Shishanova, E. I., Nikiforov, A. I., et al. (2018). Economic and legal aspects of environmental protection when using artificial water bodies. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(3), 633-638. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.9.3(27).23

Nikolskaya, E. Yu., Kovaleva, N. I., Uspenskaya, M. E., et al. (2018a). Innovative quality improvements in hotel services. European Research Studies Journal, 21(2), 489-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1017

Nikolskaya, E. Yu., Lepeshkin, V. A., Kulgachev, I. P., et al. (2018b). Methodological approaches to assessing the innovative potential of enterprises in the hotel business. Espacios, 39(27), 30.

Ong, E. (2023). Learning labor economics through narrative interviews on the work that people do. International Review of Economics Education, 43, 100260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iree.2023.100260

Pilipchuk, N. V., Aksenova, Z. A., Lupacheva, S. V., Markova, O. M., & Tamov, R. M. (2024). Digital Development of Russian Regions: Prospects and Contradictions in a Period of Turbulence. In Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, Part F2356, 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49711-7_65

Postnikova, L. V., Khoruzhy, L. I., Postnikova, D. D., et al. (2021). Foreign economy activity of agricultural organizations in Russia: Risk assessment. In: Bogoviz, A. V. (editor). The Challenge of Sustainability in Agricultural Systems. Springer, pp. 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72110-7_34

Rosenqvist, C., & Sjöberg, Ö. (2024). The difference that the institutional environment makes: Leveraging coordination to balance platform dominance, mutuality and autonomy in geographically fragmented hospitality labour markets. Digital Geography and Society, 6, 100078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2023.100078

Ryssaldiyeva, A., Zhunisbayeva, G., Osmanova, G., et al. (2019). Realization of preventive functions of criminal punishment through the institute of exemption. Opcion, 35(88), 394-414.

Serbina, A. S. (2023). Ekonomicheskiye instrumenty politicheskogo vliyaniya YES v Tsentral'noy Azii [Economic instruments of the EU’s political influence in Central Asia]. Konfliktologiya / nota bene, 4, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2023.4.68783

Shadrina, M. A., Shelemekh, N. N., Mizyureva, V. V., et al. (2018). The recognition and valuation of an asset’s productivity in business accounting and reporting. European Research Studies Journal, 21(4), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1108

Shakhmametev, A. A., Strelets, I. A., & Lebedev, K. A. (2018). Strategic mechanisms for the future development of the international e-commerce market. Espacios, 39(27), 21.

Starovoitov, V. G., Krupnov, Y. A., & Lapenkova, N. V. (2023). Investitsionnaya deyatel'nost' v rossiyskikh regionakh v usloviyakh sanktsionnykh ogranicheniy [Investment activity in Russian regions under sanctions and restrictions]. Voprosy bezopasnosti, 4, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2023.4.44135

Voskovskaya, A. S., Karpova, T. A., Tantsura, T. A., et al. (2022). The risk management system as an enhancement factor for investment attractiveness of Russian enterprises. Risks, 10(9), 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10090179

Zhao, Z., & Zhang, C. (2023). The mechanisms of labor division from the perspective of task urgency and game theory. Physics A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 630, 129284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2023.129284