Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages mandates the Village Consultative Body (BPD) as a partner of the village government in empowering village communities to achieve self-governing communities. Referring to the Village Development Index (IDM) in Malang Regency, even though there are no villages classified as very underdeveloped or underdeveloped, there are still more than 61.6% (233 villages) classified as developing, while there are 33.1% (125 villages) classified as developed, and 5.3% (20 villages) are classified as independent. Departing from this phenomenon, this research aims to describe how the BPD functions are implemented in villages classified as developing in Malang Regency under the mandate of Law No. 6 of 2014. Using a qualitative approach, research data collection was carried out using depth-interview and focus group discussion (FGD) techniques. Data analysis uses the stages proposed by Cresswell. The research results indicate that the implementation of the functions and roles of BPD in the research object villages is less effective. Patronage and the low competence and capacity of the average BPD members, as a result of a less focused election process, minimal education, training, and technical guidance, and a very inadequate development budget, are the causes of the ineffective implementation of the roles and functions of BPD members. The ineffective function of the BPD breaks hopes for increased democratization and participation of village communities in efforts to achieve a self-governing community in Malang Regency.

patronage; function; village consultative body; self-governing community; village government

Alam, M. D. S., Gani, A. J. A., Muluk, M. R. K., Wijaya, A. F. (2022). The Patronage Leadership on Java: Is There a Toxic Leader? Res Militaris, 12(2).

Antlöv, H. (2003). Village government and rural development in Indonesia: the new democratic framework. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 39(2), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074910302013

Antlov, H., Cederroth, S. (1994a). Introduction. In: Leadership of Java Gentel Hints, Authoritarian Rules. Curzon Press Ltd.

Antlov, H., Cederroth, S. (1994b). Village Leaders and the New Order. In: Leadership of Java Gentel Hints, Authoritarian Rules. Curzon Press Ltd.

Aspinall, E., & As’ad, M. U. (2015). The Patronage Patchwork. Contributions to the Language, Land and Ethnology (Dutch). Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 171(2–3), 165–195. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17102004

Berenschot, W., Capri, W., & Dhian, D. (2021). A quiet revolution? Village head elections and the democratization of rural Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 53(1), 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2021.1871852

Budiardjo, M. (2008). Fundamentals of Political Science (Indonesian). Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Budiman, A. (2019). Village Democratization (Indonesian). Jakarta Penerbit: Pusat Penelitian, Badan Keahlian DPR RI.

Cahyati, D. D., & Luter Lopo, Y. H. (2019). Daily Patronage Politics: A Village Chief’s Route to Power. PCD Journal, 7(2), 169. https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.51737

Cahyono, H. (2012). The Direction of Democracy Development in Post-New Order Rural Areas (Indonesian). Masyarakat Indonesia, 38(2).

Dakelan, M. H., Achmad, M. H., Aji, D. (2016). Realizing Inclusive Village, Pro Poor and Gender Responsive Participatory Planning and Budgeting (Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia.

Diah, A., dan Risqatus. (2017). Village Development Planning Transparency, Village Fund Study for Community Empowerment and Rural Development (SCERD) (Indonesian). Juni., 17-20.

Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Kabupaten Malang. (2020). Malang Regency One Data 2020 Edition (Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Kabupaten Malang.

Eko, S. (2015). New Regulations, New Villages: The Idea, Spirit and Content of the Village Law. Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (Indonesian). Available online: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://pattiro.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Buku-Anotasi-Undang-Undang-Nomor-6-Tahun-2014-Tentang-Desa.pdf (accessed on 2 June 2023).

Fahrudin, A., Trisnawiana, A. (2023). The Effectiveness of The Village Consultative Body in The Implementation of Government in The Village. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(3), 68-73.

Febby, H., & Waas, R. F. (2018). The role of the Matara village government in relation to the regulation of the Minister of Villages, Development of Underdeveloped Regions and Transmigration No. 1 of 2015 concerning guidelines for authority based on rights of origin and village-scale local authority (Indonesian). Jurnal Restorative Justice, 2(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.35724/jrj.v2i1.1919

Gargarella, R. (2014). “We the People” Outside of the Constitution: The Dialogic Model of Constitutionalism and the System of Checks and Balances. Current Legal Problems, 67(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/cuu008

Gargarella, R. (2020). From “democracy and distrust” to a contextually situated dialogic theory. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 18(4), 1466–1473. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa094

Hasyim, S., Juniati, S. R., & Syam, A. B. (2023). Implementing the Functions of Village Consultancy Boards in Government Implementation in Pattongko Village, Sinjai Central District. International Journal of Management Science, 1(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.59535/ijms.v1i2.89

Hidayat, A. (2023). Analysis of the Role of the Village Consultative Body in the Village Government System in Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Sains Dan Komunikasi, 2(1), 139-146.

Hidayatiningtias, A. (2021). The Role of the Local Government in the Implementation of the Banten Unified People’s Social Security Program (Jamsosratu) Based on Banten Governor Regulation Number 15 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Banten Governor Regulation Number 10 of 2019 (Indonesian). Yustisia Tirtayasa: Jurnal Tugas Akhir, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.51825/yta.v1i2.12352

hukumonline. (n.d.). Government Regulation No. 43/2014 on the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 6/2014 on Villages (Indonesian). Available online: https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt53a7ff51a08a7/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-43-tahun-2014/document/ (accessed on 2 June 2023).

Kenneth, A. C., Peter, J. H., Abel, A. K., et.al. (2012). The functions of Parliament: reality challenges tradition. Australasian Parliamentary Review, 27(2), 55-70.

Mahpudin, M. (2023). Flawed Village Democracy: The Dysfunction of the BPD as an Institution of Village Political Representation (Indonesian). Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Malikussaleh (JSPM), 4(2), 230. https://doi.org/10.29103/jspm.v4i2.9970

Masyitah. (2019). Village governance: Village Democracy in the Frame of Self-Governing Community and Local Self Government. Meraja Journal, 2(3), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.33080/mrj.v2i3.73

Maurer, J. L. (1994). Pamong Desa or Raja Desa? Wealth, Status and Power of Villages Officials. In: Antlov, H., Cederroth, S. (editors). Leadership of Java Gentel Hints, Authoritarian Rules. Curzon Press Ltd.

Morrill, C. (2023). Democratization and Political Responsiveness: Evidence from Indonesian Villages. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4447392

Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2014). Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 Year 2014 on Villages (Indonesian). Available online: https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173985/UU%20062014.pdf (accessed on 2 June 2023).

Purnomo, J. (2016). Village administration (Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Infest

Purwanto, E. A., Dan, S., Dyah, R. (2015). Public Policy Implementation, Concepts and Applications in Indonesia (Indonesian). Yogyakarta, Penerbit Gava Media.

Razak, M. R. R. (2024). The communication of the village head with the village consultative council in administration government in Indonesia. Asian Political Science Review, 8, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.14456/APSR.2024.6

Rochmawanto, M. (2017). Juridical review of the village head election system in Lamongan district based on Lamongan district regulation number 3 of 2015 concerning villages (Indonesian). Jurnal Independent, 5(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.30736/ji.v5i2.74

Sapto Wahyono, H. (2020). Paternalistic power in public policy formulation (Affirming the Integrity of Policy Formulators in Pamekasan Regency) (Indonesian). Jurnal Yustitia, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.53712/yustitia.v21i2.1016

Sundary, R. I., Januarita, R., Irawati, et al. (2023). Village Consultative Institution Status of As a Form of Democracy Life in The Village. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i18.14230

Velsink-Ina, S. (1994). Traditional Leadership in Rural Java. In: Antlov, H., Cederroth, S. (editors). Leadership of Java Gentel Hints, Authoritarian Rules. Curzon Press Ltd.

Widjajanti, K. (2011). Community empowerment model (Indonesian). Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 12(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v12i1.202

Widyanti, A. T., & Fudin, M. R. (2022). Local Character-based Electoral Winning: Botoh’s Strategy in the Village Head Election in Banjarnegara Regency (Indonesian). Salus Cultura: Jurnal Pembangunan Manusia Dan Kebudayaan, 2(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.55480/saluscultura.v2i1.43

Winarno, B. (2003). Public Policy Theory and Process (Indonesian). Med Press.

Wongkar, V. A., Mamahit, C. E. M., Sondakh, M., et al. (2023). Position of the village consultative body in planning supervision of village funds: Legal aspect view. The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW), 5(1), 301-307.