Factors influencing persons with disabilities perception in entrepreneurship: The mediating effect of entrepreneurial motivation

Rohana Ngah, Junainah Junid, Mohd Ali Bahari Abdul Kadir, Hasni Abdullah, Natiara Mohamad Hashim

Article ID: 6678
Vol 8, Issue 10, 2024

VIEWS - 1155 (Abstract)

Abstract


Disability inclusion is important to ensure everybody has the same opportunities in society, which is critical in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) are one of the marginalized communities and most of them are living in poverty. Disabilities encounter many challenges internally and externally due to their disabilities. They are struggling to keep their jobs due to their own self-confidence and social stigma and entrepreneurship is said to be the best option for PWDs to gain economic liberation. However, many PWDs still depend on government assistance and public donations instead of starting their own business. This study investigates the mediating effect of entrepreneurial motivation on the relationship between internal and external factors of PWDs’ perceptions of entrepreneurship in Malaysia. A quantitative approach to the survey was carried out. A sample of seventy-seven PWDs was gathered using face-to-face and online surveys through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling. The results show that only internal factors influence PWDs’ entrepreneurial personal perception. Entrepreneurial motivation plays a crucial mediating role in the relationship between internal and external factors and entrepreneurial personal perception. The study is helpful for the relevant parties to assist PWDs in becoming financially independent through entrepreneurship by focusing more on their internal strengths. Proper training and coaching assist PWDs in being more resilient when facing adversity.


Keywords


persons with disabilities; entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial motivation; poverty

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Adha, M. A., Wibowo, A., Faslah, R., et al. (2022). Students’ ideal career in the 4.0 Industrial. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 9(4), 651–664. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v9i4.928
  2. Akbari, M., Irani, H. R., Zamani, Z., et al. (2024). Self-esteem, entrepreneurial mindset, and entrepreneurial intention: A moderated mediation model. The International Journal of Management Education, 22(1), 100934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100934
  3. Anwar, I., & Saleem, I. (2019). Exploring entrepreneurial characteristics among university students: an evidence from India. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(3), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-07-2018-0044
  4. Arafat, M. Y., Ali, J., Dwivedi, A. K., et al. (2020). Social and Cognitive Aspects of Women Entrepreneurs: Evidence from India. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 45(4), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/02560909211015457
  5. Babik, I., & Gardner, E. S. (2021). Factors Affecting the Perception of Disability: A Developmental Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702166
  6. Balcazar, F. E., Murthy, S., Gibbons, T. M., et al. (2023). Supports and barriers that entrepreneurs with disabilities encounter when starting their businesses. Rehabilitation Psychology, 68(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000479
  7. Batz Liñeiro, A., Romero Ochoa, J. A., & Montes de la Barrera, J. (2024). Exploring entrepreneurial intentions and motivations: a comparative analysis of opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurs. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00366-8
  8. Bi, Y., Zhao, X., Zhou, Y., et al. (2020). Factors associated with the depression among people with disabilities. Medicine, 99(47), e23331. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000023331
  9. Çaynak, S., Özer, Z., Keser, İ., et al. (2022). Stigma for disabled individuals and their family: A systematic review. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 58(3), 1190-1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12893
  10. Chahal. J., Shoukat. M. H., Ayoubi, R., et al. (2023). How entrepreneurial environment and education influence university students’ entrepreneurial intentions: the mediating role of entrepreneurial motivation. HE, Skills & Work-Based Lrng. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-10-2022-0206
  11. Chatzitheochari, S., & Butler-Rees, A. (2022). Disability, Social Class and Stigma: An Intersectional Analysis of Disabled Young People’s School Experiences. Sociology, 57(5), 1156–1174. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385221133710
  12. Ciciurkaite, G., Marquez‐Velarde, G., & Brown, R. L. (2021). Stressors associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic, disability, and mental health: Considerations from the Intermountain West. Stress and Health, 38(2), 304–317. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3091
  13. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge Academic
  14. Dana, L.-P., Tajpour, M., Salamzadeh, A., et al. (2021). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Education on Technology-Based Enterprises Development: The Mediating Role of Motivation. Administrative Sciences, 11(4), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11040105
  15. Dhar S, Farzana T. (2017). Entrepreneurs with Disabilities in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study on Their Entrepreneurial Motivation and Challenges. European Journal of Business and Management, 9,103-114.
  16. Ebuenyi, I. D., van der Ham, A. J., Bunders-Aelen, J. F. G., et al. (2019). Expectations management; employer perspectives on opportunities for improved employment of persons with mental disabilities in Kenya*. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(12), 1687–1696. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1534006
  17. Fabian, A. A., & Uzoamaka, N.-O. P. (2022). Entrepreneurial Mindset among Nigerian University Students: A Study of Ebonyi State University’s Entrepreneurship Centre, Abakaliki. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2022/v22i530560
  18. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  19. Gómez-Díaz, M., & Jiménez-García, M. (2018). Inteligencia emocional, Resiliencia y Autoestima en personas con discapacidad física y sin discapacidad. Enfermería Global, 17(2), 263–283. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.17.2.291381
  20. Green, S. E., & Vice, B. (2017). Disability and Community Life: Mediating Effects of Work, Social Inclusion, and Economic Disadvantage in the Relationship Between Disability and Subjective Well-Being. Factors in Studying Employment for Persons with Disability, 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-354720170000010010
  21. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., et al. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, 8th ed. Pearson Prentice.
  22. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., et al. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. In Classroom Companion: Business. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
  23. Hassan, A., Anwar, I., Saleem, I., et al. (2021). Individual entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial motivations. Industry and Higher Education, 35(4), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211007051
  24. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  25. Hosseinpoor, A. R., Stewart Williams, J. A., Gautam, J., et al. (2013). Socioeconomic Inequality in Disability Among Adults: A Multicountry Study Using the World Health Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7), 1278–1286. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.301115
  26. Hsieh, Y.-C., Molina, V. M. J., & Weng, J. (2019). The road to entrepreneurship with impairments: A challenges-adaptive mechanisms-results model for disabled entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 37(8), 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242619867654
  27. Huang, Y., Wu, S., Chen, C., et al. (2024). Household and entrepreneurial entry: an individual entrepreneurial capital perspective. Baltic Journal of Management, 19(2), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/bjm-08-2023-0319
  28. Human Resource Development Fund (HRDF). (2019). Inclusivity Of Disabled Person at The Workplace. Available online: https://hrdcorp.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03.-issue_Feb01_2019-Human-Capital-Report-Inclusivity-of-Disabled-Person-at-the-Workplace.pdf (accessed on 23 November 2023).
  29. Jajtner, K. M. (2020). Work‐Limiting Disability and Intergenerational Economic Mobility. Social Science Quarterly, 101(5), 2001–2016. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12836
  30. Jashinsky, T. L., King, C. L., Kwiat, N. M., et al. (2021). Disability and COVID‐19: Impact on Workers, Intersectionality With Race, and Inclusion Strategies. The Career Development Quarterly, 69(4), 313–325. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12276
  31. Jiatong, W., Murad, M., Bajun, F., et al. (2021). Impact of Entrepreneurial Education, Mindset, and Creativity on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724440
  32. Kang, H. (2021). Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18, 17. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
  33. Kautonen, T., & Palmroos, J. (2009). The impact of a necessity-based start-up on subsequent entrepreneurial satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0104-1
  34. Kayama, M., Johnstone, C., & Limaye, S. (2019). Adjusting the “self” in social interaction: Disability and stigmatization in India. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.047
  35. Klangboonkrong, T., & Baines, N. (2022). Disability entrepreneurship research: Critical reflection through the lens of individual‐opportunity nexus. Strategic Change, 31(4), 427–445. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2513
  36. Kor, Y. Y., Mahoney, J. T., & Michael, S. C. (2007). Resources, Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Perceptions*. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1187–1212. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00727.x
  37. Krüger, D., & David, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial Education for Persons With Disabilities—A Social Innovation Approach for Inclusive Ecosystems. Frontiers in Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00003
  38. Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, F. (2022). Materialism Predicts College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention: A Serial Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864069
  39. Maritz, A., & Laferriere, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship and self-employment for people with disabilities. Australian Journal of Career Development, 25(2), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416216658044
  40. Marques, A. L., Romeo, M., Matalinares, M., et al. (2020). Managers’ Conceptions and Their Effects on the Perception of Employees with Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197039
  41. Mota, I., Marques, C., & Sacramento, O. (2020). Handicaps and new opportunity businesses: what do we (not) know about disabled entrepreneurs? Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 14(3), 321–347. https://doi.org/10.1108/jec-12-2019-0120
  42. Namkung, E. H., & Carr, D. (2020). The Psychological Consequences of Disability over the Life Course: Assessing the Mediating Role of Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 61(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146520921371
  43. Nasir, M. N. A. (2020). The Social economic Situation of Disabled Persons In Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 23(1), 2289-1552.
  44. New Strait Times. (2020). Handicapped and jobless. Available online: https://www.nst.com.my/education/2020/02/564906/handicapped-and-jobless (accessed 23 November 2023).
  45. Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., & Eby, L. T. (2006). Locus of control at work: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(8), 1057–1087. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.416
  46. Ngah, R., Junid, J., Abdullah, H., et al. (2023). Inclusive Entrepreneurship Model for Person with Disabilities: A critical reflection. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 8(23), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i23.4578
  47. Ortiz García, P., & Olaz Capitán, Á. J. (2021). Entrepreneurship for People With Disabilities: From Skills to Social Value. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699833
  48. Pérez-Macías, N., & Fernández-Fernández, J.-L. (2021). Personal and contextual factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of people with disabilities in Spain. Disability & Society, 37(7), 1216–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1874302
  49. Prasetya, A., & Mawardi, M. K. (2019). Opportunities and Challenges of Entrepreneurship Approach for People with Disability Empowerment in a Developing Country. In: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of Business and Public Administration (AICoBPA 2018). https://doi.org/10.2991/aicobpa-18.2019.14
  50. Prasetyo, E. (2019). Questioning the Role of Entrepreneurship Education: Evidences from Vocational Schools in Indonesia. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning. Vol .05. Issue. 02. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/8zndc
  51. Ramalho, J., Carvalho, C., Parreira, P. et al. (2022). Entrepreneurship in higher education: The key role of self-efficacy-A cross sectional study. International Journal of Advanced and applied sciences, 9(2), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.02.002
  52. Ratnamiasih I. (2023). Personality Traits and Entrepreneurship Education as Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 13, 295-314.
  53. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) (2020). Available online: https://ojs.rjsser.org.pk/index.php/rjsser/issue/view/3 (accessed on 23 November 2023).
  54. Rodriguez, S., & Lieber, H. (2020). Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Mindset, and Career Readiness in Secondary Students. Journal of Experiential Education, 43(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825920919462
  55. Rolle, J., Kisato, J., Rock, P., et al. (2020). Inclusive entrepreneurship: A critical look at inclusion of persons with disabilities. The Business and Management Review, 11(01). https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v11nu01/art-21
  56. Rosli, F.A. (2020). Hanya 2.4 peratus OKU mohon skim bantuan perniagaan SSM. Berita Harian. Disember 2, 2020. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/12/760628/hanya-24-peratus-oku-mohon-skim-bantuan-perniagaan-ssm
  57. Roxas, B. G., Cayoca-Panizales, R., & De Jesus, R. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Knowledge and its Effects on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Development of a Conceptual Framework. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3860/apssr.v8i2.784
  58. Saran, A., White, H., & Kuper, H. (2019). PROTOCOL: Effectiveness of interventions for people with disabilities in low‐ and middle‐income countries—an evidence and gap map. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 15(1–2). Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1006
  59. Sarma, S., Attaran, S., & Attaran, M. (2022). Sustainable entrepreneurship: Factors influencing opportunity recognition and exploitation. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 25(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503221093007
  60. Scherrer, V., & Preckel, F. (2018). Development of Motivational Variables and Self-Esteem During the School Career: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Review of Educational Research, 89(2), 211–258. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654318819127
  61. Sendra-Pons, P., Belarbi-Muñoz, S., Garzón, D., et al. (2021). Cross-country differences in drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship. Service Business, 16(4), 971–989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-021-00470-9
  62. Setiawan, A., Yusuf, M., & Gunarhadi, G. (2022). Intervention of Entrepreneurship Values to Improve Entrepreneur Interest on Persons with Disabilities. IJDS Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies, 9(01), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2022.009.01.10
  63. Setiawan, A., Yusuf, M., & Gunarhadi, G. (2022). Intervention of Entrepreneurship Values to Improve Entrepreneur Interest on Persons with Disabilities. IJDS Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies, 9(01), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2022.009.01.10
  64. Shaw, J., Wickenden, M., Thompson, S., et al. (2022). Achieving disability inclusive employment – Are the current approaches deep enough? Journal of International Development, 34(5), 942–963. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3692
  65. Shi, J., Mo, Xi., Sun, Z. et al. (2012). Content validity index in scale development. Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences, 37(2),152-5. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007
  66. Tao, W., Zhao, D., Yue, H., et al. (2022). The Influence of Growth Mindset on the Mental Health and Life Events of College Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.821206
  67. Thazin NK. (2019). Social Innovation Abroad: Service-Learning Program at Magga Foundation. Capstone Collection, 3172.
  68. Tihic, M., Hadzic, M., & McKelvie, A. (2021). Social support and its effects on self-efficacy among entrepreneurs with disabilities. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 16, e00279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00279
  69. Timmons, S., McGinnity, F., & Carroll, E. (2023). Ableism differs by disability, gender and social context: Evidence from vignette experiments. British Journal of Social Psychology, 63(2), 637–657. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12696
  70. Tseng, T. H., Wang, Y.-M., Lin, H.-H., et al. (2022). Relationships between locus of control, theory of planned behavior, and cyber entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of cyber entrepreneurship education. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(3), 100682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100682
  71. Uttley, J. (2019). Power Analysis, Sample Size, and Assessment of Statistical Assumptions—Improving the Evidential Value of Lighting Research. LEUKOS, 15(2–3), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2018.1533851
  72. Uysal, Ş. K., Karadağ, H., Tuncer, B., et al. (2022). Locus of control, need for achievement, and entrepreneurial intention: A moderated mediation model. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 100560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100560
  73. Vamvaka, V., Stoforos, C., Palaskas, T., et al. (2020). Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0112-0
  74. Wang, Z., Xu, X., Han, Q., et al. (2021). Factors associated with public attitudes towards persons with disabilities: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11139-3
  75. Wei, X., Liu, X., & Sha, J. (2019). How Does the Entrepreneurship Education Influence the Students’ Innovation? Testing on the Multiple Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557
  76. Wolcott, M. D., McLaughlin, J. E., Hann, A., et al. (2020). A review to characterise and map the growth mindset theory in health professions education. Medical Education, 55(4), 430–440. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14381
  77. World Bank. (2023). Disability Inclusion. Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability (accessed on 23 November 2023).
  78. World Health Organization. (2024). Disability. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health(accessed on 23 November 2023).


DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i10.6678

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Rohana Ngah, Junainah Junid, Mohd Ali Bahari Abdul Kadir, Hasni Abdullah, Natiara Mohamad Hashim

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.