CCR-BCC method; data envelopment analysis; hotel scale efficiency; productivity; staff turnover

Anderson, R. I., Fok, R., Scott, J. (2000). Hotel industry efficiency: An advanced linear programming examination. American Business Review, 18(1), 40. Antonic, J. J., Skender, H. P. (2015). Efficiency of Passenger Seaports as a Factor in Tourism Development. In: Proceedings of the International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM 2015. pp. 235–244. Arbelo, A., Perez-Gomez, P., & Arbelo-Perez, M. (2017). Cost efficiency and its determinants in the hotel industry. Tourism Economics, 23 (5), 1056–1068. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616656419 Arbelo, A., Pérez-Gómez, P., González-Dávila, E., et al. (2017). Cost and profit efficiencies in the Spanish hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(8), 985–1006. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348015587999 Assaf, A. G., Agbola, F. W. (2011). Total productivity in the Australian hotel industry: Estimating and bootstrapping Malmquist indices. Tourism Analysis, 16(3), 295–304. h Long-term analysis of labour productivity in the Croatian hotel industryttps://doi.org/10.3727/108354211x13110944387121 Avelini Holjevac, I., Vrtodušić Hrgović, A. (2012). Long-term analysis of labour productivity in the Croatian hotel industry (Croatian). Acta Turistica, 24(1), 39–59. Avkiran, N. K. (2002). Monitoring hotel performance. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 4(1), 51–66. Ball, S. D., Johnson, K., Slattery, P. (1986). Labour productivity in hotels: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 5(3), 141–147. Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management science, 30(9), 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078 Barros, C. A. P., Santos, C. A. (2006). The measurement of efficiency in Portuguese hotels using data envelopment analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(3), 378–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348006286798 Barros, C. P. (2004). A stochastic cost frontier in the Portuguese hotel industry. Tourism Economics, 10(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000004323142416 Barros, C. P. (2006). Analysing the rate of technical change in the Portuguese hotel industry. Tourism Economics, 12(3), 325–346. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006778493673 Barros, C. P., Mascarenhas, M. J. (2005). Technical and allocative efficiency in a chain of small hotels. International journal of hospitality management, 24(3), 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.08.007 Barros, C. P., Botti, L., Peypoch, N., & Solonandrasana, B. (2011). Managerial efficiency and hospitality industry: the Portuguese case. Applied Economics, 43(22), 2895–2905. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840802600145 Barros, C.P., (2005a). Measuring efficiency in the hotels: an illustrative example. Annals of Tourism Research 32, 456–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.011 Barros, C.P., (2005b). Evaluating the efficiency of small hotel chain with a malmquist productivity index. International Journal of Tourism Research 7, 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.529 Ben Aissa, S., Goaied, M. (2016). Determinants of tourism hotel market efficiency. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-11-2013-0080 Bire, R. B. (2020). Efficiency Analysis of Hotels Listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange Market. TOURISM: Jurnal Travel, Hospitality, Culture, Destination, and MICE, 3(1), 1–6. Botti, L., Briec, W., Cliquet, G. (2009). Plural forms versus franchise and company-owned systems: A DEA approach of hotel chain performance. Omega, 37(3), 566–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2007.12.002 Brown, J., Dev, C. (1999). Looking beyond RevPar: productivity consequences of hotel strategies. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(2), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049904000213 Brown, J. R., Ragsdale, C. T. (2002). The competitive market efficiency of hotel brands: An application of data envelopment analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 26(4), 332–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/109634802237483 Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European journal of operational research, 2(6), 429–444. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L., et al. (1982). A multiplicative model for efficiency analysis. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 16(5), 223–224. Cheong, Y., & Leckenby, J. D. (2006). An evaluation of advertising media spending efficiency using data envelopment analysis. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Advertising. American Academy of Advertising. p. 263. Chiang, W. E. (2006). A hotel performance evaluation of Taipei international tourist hotels–using data envelopment analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660500500667 Chiang, W. E., Tsai, M. H., Wang, L. S. M. (2004). A DEA evaluation of Taipei hotels. Annals of tourism Research, 31(3), 712–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.11.001 Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., Tone, K. (2007). Data envelopment analysis: a comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-solver software. New York: springer. Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., Zhu, J. (2011). Data envelopment analysis: History, models, and interpretations. Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis. pp. 1–39. Coupet, J., Berrett, J., Broussard, P., et al. (2021). Nonprofit benchmarking with data envelopment analysis. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(3), 647–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020977670 Cracolici, M. F., Nijkamp, P., Cuffaro, M. (2007). Efficiency and productivity of Italian tourist destinations: a quantitative estimation based on data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist method. In Advances in modern tourism research: Economic perspectives. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD. pp. 325-343. Črnjar, K. (2005). Factors of productivity in the hotel industry in Croatia (Slovenian). Tourism and hospitality management, 11(1), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.11.1.16 De Jorge, J., Suárez, C. (2014). Productivity, efficiency and its determinant factors in hotels. The Service Industries Journal, 34(4), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2013.778977 Farell, P. (1957). DEA in production center: An input-output mode. Journal of Econometrics, 3, 23–49. Fernández, M. A., Becerra, R. (2015). An analysis of Spanish hotel efficiency. Cornell hospitality Quarterly, 56(3), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965513509877 Hamelin, N., Al-Shihabi, S., Quach, S., et al. (2022). Forecasting advertisement effectiveness: Neuroscience and data envelopment analysis. Australasian Marketing Journal, 30(4), 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/18393349211005061 Hathroubi, S., Peypoch, N., Robinot, E. (2014). Technical efficiency and environmental management: The Tunisian case. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.03.002 Higuerey, A., Viñan-Merecí, C., Malo-Montoya, Z., et al. (2020). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for Measuring the efficiency of the hotel industry in Ecuador. Sustainability, 12(4), 1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041590 Hodžić, S., Alibegović, D. J. (2019). The efficiency of regional government expenditure in smart tourist destination: The case of Croatia. Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, 5, 307–318. Hu, B. A., Cai, L. A. (2004). Hotel labor productivity assessment: A data envelopment analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(2/3), 27–38. Hwang, S. N., Chang, T. Y. (2003). Using data envelopment analysis to measure hotel managerial efficiency change in Taiwan. Tourism management, 24(4), 357–369. Johns, N., Howcroft, B., Drake, L. (1997). The use of data envelopment analysis to monitor hotel productivity. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2), 119–127. Johnston, R., Jones, P. (2004). Service productivity: Towards understanding the relationship between operational and customer productivity. International Journal of Productivity and performance management, 53(3), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400410523756 Kaffash, S., Azizi, R., Huang, Y., et al. (2020). A survey of data envelopment analysis applications in the insurance industry 1993–2018. European journal of operational research, 284(3), 801–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.07.034 Keh, H. T., Chu, S., Xu, J. (2006). Efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of marketing in services. European Journal of Operational Research, 170(1), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2004.04.050 Kilic, H., Okumus, F. (2005). Factors influencing productivity in small island hotels: evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510597589 Kularatne, T., Wilson, C., Månsson, J., et al. (2019). Do environmentally sustainable practices make hotels more efficient? A study of major hotels in Sri Lanka. Tourism Management, 71, 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.009 Kumar, S., Gulati, R. (2008). The impact of size and group affiliation on technical efficiency of Indian public sector banks: An empirical investigation. The IUP Journal of Bank Management, 7(4), 18–40. Kumbhakar, S. C. (1987). The specification of technical and allocative inefficiency in stochastic production and profit frontiers. Journal of econometrics, 34(3), 335–348. Lee-Ross, D., Ingold, T. (1994). Increasing productivity in small hotels: are academic proposals realistic? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 13(3), 201–207. Liu, H., Tsai, H. (2021). A stochastic frontier approach to assessing total factor productivity change in China’s star-rated hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 45(1), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020946363 Manasakis, C., Apostolakis, A., Datseris, G. (2013). Using data envelopment analysis to measure hotel efficiency in Crete. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 510–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111311322907 Marušić, M., Prebežac, D., Antunović, M. (2018). Tourist satisfaction in small-scale tourist destinations: The case of Makarska Riviera. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 24(2), 24(2), 287–306. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.24.2.3 Morey, R. C., Dittman, D. A. (1995). Evalatn a hotel GM’s performance: A case study in benchmarking. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36(5), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049503600521 Oliveira, R., Pedro, M. I., Marques, R. C. (2013). Efficiency and its determinants in Portuguese hotels in the Algarve. Tourism Management, 36, 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.009 Oukil, A., Channouf, N., Al-Zaidi, A. (2016). Performance evaluation of the hotel industry in an emerging tourism destination: The case of Oman. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 29, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.05.003 Panfilova, E., Dzenzeliuk, N., Domnina, O., et al. (2020). The impact of cost allocation on key decisions of supply chain participants. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(1), 552–558. Poldrugovac, K., Tekavcic, M., Jankovic, S. (2016). Efficiency in the hotel industry: an empirical examination of the most influential factors. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 29(1), 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2016.1177464 Prpić, K., Baričević, A. (2017). Tourist satisfaction in the city of Makarska. Journal of Business and Management, 23(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.24818/jbman.2017.011 Rabar, D., Blažević, S. (2011). Efficiency Assessment of Croatian Counties in Tourism Using Data Envelopment Analysis (Croatian). Economic Trends and Economic Policy, 21(127), 25–56. Reynolds, D. (2003). Hospitality-productivity assessment-using data envelopment analysis. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(2), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010880403442012 Reynolds, D., Thompson, G. M. (2007). Multiunit restaurant productivity assessment using three-phase data envelopment analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.08.004 Romano, G., Guerrini, A. (2011). Measuring and comparing the efficiency of water utility companies: A data envelopment analysis approach. Utilities Policy, 19(3), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2011.05.005 Sathye, M. (2001). X-efficiency in Australian banking: An empirical investigation. Journal of Banking & Finance, 25(3), 613–630. Sellers-Rubio, R., Casado-Díaz, A. B. (2018). Analyzing hotel efficiency from a regional perspective: The role of environmental determinants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.015 Sharma, N., Mogha, S. K. (2023). Super Efficiency and Sensitivity Analysis of the Indian Hotels and Restaurants. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2732233/v1 Sigala, M. (2004). Using data envelopment analysis for measuring and benchmarking productivity in the hotel sector. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(2–3), 39–60. Simpao, K. (2018). Labour productivity measurement and control standards for hotel. Journal of Service Science Research, 10, 25–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12927-018-0002-1 Tarim, Ş., Dener, H. I., Tarim, Ş. A. (2000). Efficiency measurement in the hotel industry: output factor constrained DEA application. Anatolia, 11(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2000.9686989 Thompson, R. G., Dharmapala, P. S., Diaz, J., et al. (1996). Chapter 7 DEA multiplier analytic center sensitivity with an illustrative application to independent oil companies. Annals of Operations Research, 66, 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02187299 Tsaur, S. (2001). The operating efficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 6(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660108722090 Tumer, N. (2010). Measuring hotel performance using data envelopment analysis. Anatolia, 21(2), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2010.9687103 Walraven, M., Koning, R. H., Bijmolt, T. H., et al. (2016). Benchmarking sports sponsorship performance: Efficiency assessment with data envelopment analysis. Journal of Sport Management, 30(4), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0117 Wang, F. C., Hung, W. T., Shang, J. K. (2006). Measuring the cost efficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Tourism Economics, 12(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006776387150 Witt, C. A., Witt, S. F. (1989). Why productivity in the hotel sector is low. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000001669 Wober, K. W. (2000). Benchmarking hotel operations on the internet: a data envelopment analysis approach. Information Technology & Tourism, 3(3), 195–211. Yang, C., Lu, W. M. (2006). Performance benchmarking for Taiwan’s international tourist hotels. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 44(3), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/03155986.2006.11732750 Yu, M. M., Lee, B. C. (2009). Efficiency and effectiveness of service business: Evidence from international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 30(4), 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.09.005 Zhu, J. (2015). DEA based benchmarking models. Data Envelopment Analysis: A Handbook of Models and Methods, 291–308.