Family well-being of single and dual earner families in Indonesia during COVID-19

Herien Puspitawati, Ma’mun Sarma, Marthin Nanere, Indra Gunawan, Yulina Eva Riany

Article ID: 5675
Vol 8, Issue 7, 2024

VIEWS - 1721 (Abstract) 1344 (PDF)

Abstract


The COVID-19 pandemic has brought life changing conditions to families that require coping strategies in order to survive and achieve family well-being. This study aims to analyze differences between single earner and dual earner families during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the factors that influence subjective family well-being. The research design used was a cross sectional study with sample collection through non-probability sampling. Data collection was carried out by filling out questionnaires online. The number of respondents involved in the study was 2084 intact families with children residing in DKI Jakarta, West Java, and Banten Provinces. Reliability and validity tests were conducted. The results of the independent t-test showed that dual-earner families experienced better life changes and a higher level of subjective family well-being than single-earner families and had lower economic pressure and lower economic coping than single earner families. The SEM analysis found that life changes affected economic coping negatively and subjective family well-being positively. Family income influenced economic coping negatively and subjective family well-being positively. Finally, it was found that economic coping had no effect on subjective family well-being.


Keywords


COVID-19; gender analysis; subjective family well-being; economic pressures; economic coping; life changes; single and dual earner families

Full Text:

PDF


References


Afrizal, S., & Meizahro, H. (2022). Analysis of Family Welfare (The Role of Working Mom in Fulfilling Needs during Covid 19 in Hoettagian Asri Kemanisan Housing, Serang City) (Indonesian). Hermeneutika: Jurnal Hermeneutika, 8, 76-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30870/hermeneutika.v8i2.15417

Aidha, C. N., Armintasari, F., & Mawesti, D. (2020). The risk of household debt overhang amid the Covid-19 pandemic (Indonesian). Available online: https://theprakarsa.org/risiko-keterlilitan-utang-rumah-tangga-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19/ (accessed 15 March 2023).

Andrade, C., Gillen, M., Molina, J. A., et al. (2022). The Social and Economic Impact of Covid-19 on Family Functioning and Well-Being: Where do we go from here? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 43(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-022-09848-x

Andrean, R., Adinugraha, H. H., & Surur, A. T. (2022). Women’s role in family economic resilience in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic according to Islamic perspective. Review of Islamic Social Finance and Entrepreneurship, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.20885/risfe.vol1.iss2.art6

Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2020). Indonesia’s economic growth to slow in 2020 on COVID-19 impact, but gradual recovery expected in 2021. Available online: https://www.adb.org/news/indonesia-s-economic-growth-slow-2020-Covid-19-impact-gradual-recovery-expected-2021 (accessed 10 March 2023).

Astuti, T. W. H., Hartoyo, H., & Muflikhati, I. (2016). Tekanan Ekonomi dan strategi Koping Keluarga Petani di Daerah Rawan Banjir. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 9(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2016.9.1.43

Azizah, S. N., & Salam, A. N. (2021). Working Mother and Family Economy Resilience in the Covid-19 Era: Evidence from Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 14(3), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2021.14.3.203

Azizah, Y., Puspitawati, H., & Herawati, T. (2022). Pengaruh Dukungan Mantan Suami, Strategi Koping, dan Relasi Orang Tua-Anak terhadap Kebahagiaan Keluarga Tunggal. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 15(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2022.15.2.127

Babore, A., Lombardi, L., Viceconti, M. L., et al. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113366

Bakracheva, M. (2019). Coping Effects on Life Meaning, Basic Psychological Needs and Well-Being. Psychology, 10(10), 1375–1395. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.1010090

Baranov, V., Grosjean, P., Khan, F. J., et al. (2022). The impact of COVID‐related economic shocks on household mental health in Pakistan. Health Economics, 31(10), 2208–2228. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4571

Baranowska-Rataj, A. (2022). The impact of the parental division of paid labour on depressive symptoms: The moderating role of social policies. Acta Sociologica, 65(3), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/00016993211066261

Bhatti, Z., Salek, M., & Finlay, A. (2011). Chronic diseases influence major life changing decisions: a new domain in quality of life research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 104(6), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2011.110010

Biroli, P., Bosworth, S., Della Giusta, M., et al. (2021). Family Life in Lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687570

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118619179

Börner, J., Shively, G. E., Wunder, S., et al. (2012). How do rural households respond to economic shocks? Insights from hierarchical analysis using global data. Unknown. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.126143

Cancello, R., Soranna, D., Zambra, G., et al. (2020). Determinants of the Lifestyle Changes during COVID-19 Pandemic in the Residents of Northern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176287

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Socio-demographic survey results of Covid-19 impact (Indonesian). Available online: https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/06/01/669cb2e8646787e52dd171c4/hasil-survei-sosial-demografi-dampak-Covid-19-2020.html (accessed 10 February 2023).

Chin, M., Sung, M., Son, S., et al. (2020). Changes in Family Life and Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Associations with Perceived Stress. Family and Environment Research, 58(3), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.6115/fer.2020.032

CNBC Indonesia. (2022). Covid DKI has skyrocketed, be aware of the symptoms that are felt when defecating (Indonesian). Available online: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220628064243-4-350861/covid-dki-meroket-waspadai-gejala-yang-terasa-saat-bab-ini (accessed 5 February 2023).

Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., et al. (1990). Linking Economic Hardship to Marital Quality and Instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(3), 643. https://doi.org/10.2307/352931

Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., et al. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.179

D’Ambrosio, C., Jäntti, M., & Lepinteur, A. (2019). Money and Happiness: Income, Wealth and Subjective Well-Being. Social Indicators Research, 148(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02186-w

Database peraturan. (2020). Large-Scale Social Restrictions in the Context of Accelerating the Handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Indonesian). Available online: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/135059/pp-no-21-tahun-2020 (accessed 8 July 2023).

Deacon, R. E., & Firebaugh, F. M. (1988). Family Resource Management: Principles and Applications. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Dercon, S. (2002). Income Risk, Coping Strategies, and Safety Nets. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(2), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/17.2.141

Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2018). Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.115

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., et al. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276

Elder, G. H., Conger, R. D., Foster, E. M., et al. (1992). Families Under Economic Pressure. Journal of Family Issues, 13(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251392013001002

Feinberg, M. E., A. Mogle, J., Lee, J., et al. (2021). Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Parent, Child, and Family Functioning. Family Process, 61(1), 361–374. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12649

Firmansyah, M. R. (2017). The effect of income level, education, health on the level of happiness of Asian people. Scientific Journal of FEB Students: 6 (Indonesian). Available online: https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/4465 (accessed on 12 March 2023).

Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005

Herawati, T., Ginting, B., Asngari, P. S., et al. (2011). Ketahanan pangan keluarga peserta program pemberdayaan masyarakat di pedesaan. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 6(3), 208. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2011.6.3.208-216

Hicks, S., Tinkler, L., & Allin, P. (2013). Measuring Subjective Well-Being and its Potential Role in Policy: Perspectives from the UK Office for National Statistics. Social Indicators Research, 114(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0384-x

Indonesia Baik. (2020). Implementation of PSBB in some parts of Indonesia (Indonesian). Available online: https://indonesiabaik.id/infografis/penerapan-psbb-di-sejumlah-wilayah-indonesia (accessed 12 March 2023).

Janssens, W., Pradhan, M., de Groot, R., et al. (2021). The short-term economic effects of COVID-19 on low-income households in rural Kenya: An analysis using weekly financial household data. World Development, 138, 105280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105280

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications, 2nd ed. Chicago: SPSS Inc.

Kabbaro, H., Hartoyo, H., & Yuliati, L. N. (2014). Modal Sosial, Strategi Koping Ekonomi, dan Kesejahteraan Objektif Keluarga dengan Perempuan sebagai Kepala Keluarga. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 7(3), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2014.7.3.164

Katadata. (2021). Capai 4,17 juta kasus Covid-19 Indonesia tertinggi keempat di Asia. Available online: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/09/15/capai-417-juta-kasus-Covid-19-indonesia-tertinggi-keempat-di-asia (accessed 10 March 2023).

KPPPA-RI. (2021). Results of online unpublished repport on family conditions and family quality index during the 2021 Covid-19 Pandemic. Deputy for Community Participation, Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection-Republic of Indonesia Year 2021.

Kumari, A., Ranjan, P., Vikram, N. K., et al. (2020). A short questionnaire to assess changes in lifestyle-related behaviour during COVID 19 pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(6), 1697–1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.020

Kurniasih, E. P. (2020). The impact of the covid 19 pandemic on the decline in the welfare of the people of Pontianak City (Indonesian). Available online: http://feb.untan.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Erni-1.pdf (accessed on 16 March 2023).

Lee, J., Yoo, J., Chin, M., et al. (2022). Pathways from economic hardship to couple conflict by socioeconomic status during COVID‐19 in Korea. Family Relations, 72(1), 60–76. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12771

Lindberg, M., Nygård, M., Nyqvist, F., et al. (2019). Economic strain and parental coping – evidence from Finland. European Journal of Social Work, 24(3), 442–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2019.1699779

Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: a review of the Family Stress Model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008

Mattingly, M. J., & Smith, K. E. (2010). Changes in Wives’ Employment When Husbands Stop Working: A Recession‐Prosperity Comparison. Family Relations, 59(4), 343–357. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00607.x

Melby, J. N., Conger, R. D., Ge, X., et al. (1995). The use of structural equation modeling in assessing the quality of marital observations. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(3), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.9.3.280

Methasari, S., & Krisnatuti, D. (2019). Strategi Koping, Religiusitas, dan Kepuasan Hidup Lansia Berpenyakit Kronis. Journal of Family Sciences, 3(2), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.3.2.42-54

Möhring, K., Naumann, E., Reifenscheid, M., et al. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being: longitudinal evidence on satisfaction with work and family. European Societies, 23(sup1), S601–S617. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833066

Navarro-Carrillo, G., Alonso-Ferres, M., Moya, M., et al. (2020). Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Well-Being: Revisiting the Role of Subjective Socioeconomic Status. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01303

Octaviani, M., Herawati, T., & Tyas, F. P. S. (2018). Stres, Strategi Koping dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Keluarga Orang Tua Tunggal. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 11(3), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2018.11.3.169

Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2012). University students’ ways of coping with stress, life satisfaction and subjective well-being. Available online: https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423913565.pdf (accessed on 11 August 2023).

Pearlin, L. I., Schieman, S., Fazio, E. M., et al. (2005). Stress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(2), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600206

Pepur, S., Bulog, I., & Smiljanić, A. R. (2022). Household Financial Fragility During COVID-19: the Power of Financially Literate Women. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 25(s1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2022-0023

Puspitawati, H. (2017). Gender dan Keluarga. Bogor: IPB Press.

Puspitawati, H., Herawati, T., & Rizkillah, R. (2021). Asesmen Gender dan Keluarga Jilid 1. Bogor: IPB Press.

Puspitawati, H., Herawati, T., & Sarma, M. (2018). Reliability and validity of family resilience indicators in Indonesia (Indonesian). Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 13 (1), 1-14.

Puspitawati, H., Putri, A. C. J., Titipani, A., et al. (2019). Kontribusi Ekonomi Perempuan, Tekanan Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga pada Keluarga Nelayan dan Buruh Tani Bawang Merah. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 12(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2019.12.2.87

Raharjo, I. T., Puspitawati, H., & Pranaji, D. K. (2015). Tekanan Ekonomi, Manajemen Keuangan, dan Kesejahteraan pada Keluarga Muda. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 8(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2015.8.1.38

Rauscher, E., & Elliott, W. (2015). Wealth as Security: Growth Curve Analyses of Household Income and Net Worth During a Recession. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 37(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-015-9442-7

Rosidah, U., Hartoyo, H., & Muflikhati, I. (2012). Kajian Strategi Koping dan Perilaku Investasi Anak pada Keluarga Buruh Pemetik Melati Gambir. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 5(1), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2012.5.1.77

Sabania, H., & Hartoyo, H. (2016). Economic Pressure, Livelihood Strategy, and Family Well-being in Cimanuk Watershed, Garut and Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Family Sciences, 1(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.1.1.24-38

Salin, M., Hakovirta, M., Kaittila, A., et al. (2023). Single earners and carers during lockdown: everyday challenges faced by Finnish single mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 43(13/14), 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2023-0051

Sari, D. Y., Pranaji, D. K., & Yuliati, L. N. (2015). Stres Ibu dalam Mengasuh Anak pada Keluarga dengan Anak Pertama Berusia di Bawah Dua Tahun. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 8(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2015.8.2.80

Sarrasin, O., Green, E. G. T., Potarca, G., et al. (2019). Feeling Blue by Extension: Intrafamily Transmission and Economic Pressures Explain the Native-Immigrant Gap in Well-Being among Youth in Switzerland. Social Inclusion, 7(4), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2344

Sekścińska, K., Trzcińska, A., Pankowski, D., et al. (2022). Financial Factors and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031798

Sina, P. G. (2020). Household economy in the COVID-19 pandemic era (Indonesian). Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 12(2), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.35508/jom.v12i2.2697

Singh, R., & Anshubhi, B. (2021). Effect of family type on marital adjustment among single and dual earner couples in Lucknow City. Available online: https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V2ISSUE9/IJRPR1327.pdf (accessed on 16 March 2024).

SMRC. (2020). 29 Million Indonesians Laid Off During Covid-19 Pandemic (Indonesian). Available online: https://saifulmujani.com/29-juta-warga-indonesia-mengalami-phk-semasa-Pandemi-Covid-19/ (accessed 6 July 2023).

Spiro, N., Perkins, R., Kaye, S., et al. (2021). The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown 1.0 on Working Patterns, Income, and Wellbeing Among Performing Arts Professionals in the United Kingdom (April–June 2020). Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594086

Steiber, N., Siegert, C., & Vogtenhuber, S. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment situation and financial well-being of families with children in Austria: Evidence from the first ten months of the crisis. Journal of Family Research, 34(1), 193–220. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-721

Stevenson, C., Costa, S., Wakefield, J. R. H., et al. (2020). Family identification facilitates coping with financial stress: A social identity approach to family financial resilience. Journal of Economic Psychology, 78, 102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2020.102271

Sulistyaningrum, E., Resosudarmo, B. P., Falentina, A. T., et al. (2022). Can the internet increase the working hours of married women in micro and small enterprises? evidence from Yogyakarta Indonesia. Available online: https://people.anu.edu.au/budy.resosudarmo/2021to2025/Eny_Reso_2022.pdf (accessed on 16 March 2023).

Sultana, Mst. S., Khan, A. H., Hossain, S., et al. (2021). The Association Between Financial Hardship and Mental Health Difficulties Among Adult Wage Earners During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: Findings From a Cross-Sectional Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635884

Sunarti, E. (2013). Ketahanan Keluarga. Bogor: IPB Press.

Suwena, K. R., Irwansyah, M. R., & Suwendra, I. W. (2021). Women’s Role in Family Economic Resilience. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management, and Social Science (TEAMS 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211124.029

Tee, M., Wang, C., Tee, C., et al. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in Lower and Upper Middle-Income Asian Countries: A Comparison Between the Philippines and China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568929

Thom, B., Benedict, C., Friedman, D. N., et al. (2021). Economic distress, financial toxicity, and medical cost‐coping in young adult cancer survivors during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Findings from an online sample. Cancer, 127(23), 4481–4491. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33823

Vijayan, S. M., Abraham, R., & Vanlalhriatpuii, E. (2022). Socio-economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic and its coping measures in a rural area of central Kerala. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 9(5), 2095. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20221223

Yuniarti, D., & Sukarniati, L. (2021). Coping strategies and fishermen's income: an empirical study (Indonesian). Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan Dan Perikanan, 16(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v16i1.8742




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.5675

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Herien Puspitawati, Ma’mun Sarma, Marthin Nanere, Indra Gunawan, Yulina Eva Riany

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.