This study aims to underscore the relevance of pre-existing resilience experiences within communities affected by socio-political violence in Colombia, particularly in the context of developing effective risk management practices and enriching the CBDM model. This research employs a qualitative design, incorporating a multiple case study approach, which integrates a comprehensive literature review, in-depth interviews, and focus groups conducted in two Colombian communities, namely Salgar and La Primavera. The community of La Primavera effectively harnessed community empowerment and social support practices to confront socio-political violence, which evolved into a form of social capital that could be leveraged to address disaster risks. Conversely, in Salgar, individual and familial coping strategies took precedence. It is concluded that bolstering citizen participation in disaster risk management in both communities and governmental support for community projects aimed at reducing vulnerability is imperative. This study reveals that capabilities developed through coping with the humanitarian consequences of armed conflict, such as community empowerment and practices of solidarity and social support, can enhance community resilience in the face of disasters.

Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2014). Social Capital and Community Resilience. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299 Amar, J., Rojas, S., Martínez, M., Utria, L., & Colmenares, L. (2019). Resilience in victims of the winter wave in the southern Atlantic (Spanish). Barranquilla, Colombia: Editorial Universidad del Norte. Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225 Azad, M. A. K., Uddin, M. S., Zaman, S., et al. (2019). Community-based Disaster Management and Its Salient Features: A Policy Approach to People-centred Risk Reduction in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 29(2), 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529119898036 Baca, E., & Cabanas, M. (2003). Victims of violence. Psychopathological studies (Spanish). Madrid: Triacastela. Carrasco, N. (2019). Community resilience in victims of political violence linked to social and community organizations in Colombia [PhD thesis] (Spanish). Universidad de San Buenaventura. Constanza, G. V. (2004). Transformation and resilience in families displaced by violence to Bogotá (Spanish). Revista de Estudios Sociales, 18, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.7440/res18.2004.11 Curato, N., & Calamba, S. J. (2018). Surviving Disasters by Suppressing Political Storms: Participation as Knowledge Transfer in Community-Based Disaster Governance. Critical Sociology, 46(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920518796167 Díaz, D., Blanco, A., Sutil, L., & Schweiger, I. (2007). Arguments for a psychosocial approach to trauma: well-being, a pattern of health and disorder (Spanish). In: Yubero S., Larrañaga y E., Blanco A. (editors). Convivir con la violencia. Ediciones de la Univer sidad Castilla-La Mancha. Domínguez De la Ossa, E. M. (2018). Family resources to face adversity of forced displacement in colombia. Psicología Desde El Caribe, 35(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.14482/psdc.35.2.8599 El Espectador. (2021). Juan Gabriel Rueda, environmental and social leader from Salgar, Antioquia, was murdered (Spanish). Available online: https://www.elespectador.com/ambiente/asesinan-a-juan-gabriel-rueda-lider-ambientalista-y-social-de-salgar-antioquia/(accessed on 20 February 2024). Gómez, E., & Kotliarenco, M. A. (2010). Family resilience: an approach to research and intervention with multiproblem families (Spanish). Revista de Psicología, 19(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2010.17112 Gómez, J. D. V. (2014). Remembering in order to rebuild. The role of historical memory in repairing the social fabric (Spanish). Editorial Bonaventuriana. Granados-Ospina, S.J., L. F., Alvarado-Salgado, S. V., Carmona-Parra, J. (2017). The path of resilience: from the individual subject to the political subject. Magis (Spanish). Revista Internacional de Investigación En Educación, 10(20), 49. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.m10-20.crsi Haque, C. E., & Uddin, M. S. (2013). Disaster management discourse in Bangladesh: A shift from post-event response to the preparedness and mitigation approach through institutional partnerships. In: Tiefenbacher, J. (editor). Approaches to disaster management: Examining the implications of hazards, emergencies and disasters. IntechOpen. pp. 33–44. Hosseini, S. H., Amanat, N., Ghanbari, V., et al. (2017). Community-Based Management Challenges in Disaster Risk Reduction: A Content Analysis in Iran. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 2(2), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.18869/nrip.hdq.2.2.63 Ireni-Saban, L. (2012). Challenging Disaster Administration. Administration & Society, 45(6), 651–673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712438375 Islam, R., & Walkerden, G. (2014). How bonding and bridging networks contribute to disaster resilience and recovery on the Bangladeshi coast. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.016 Jeon, H. Y. (2021). Sustainable Development of Water and Environment. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75278-1 Joshi, A., & Aoki, M. (2014). The role of social capital and public policy in disaster recovery: A case study of Tamil Nadu State, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 7, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.09.004 Kalawski, J. P., & Haz, A. M. (2003). Y ... where is the resilience? A conceptual reflection (Spanish). Revista interamericana de psicología, 37(2), 365–372. Latorre Iglesias, E. L. (2010). Memory and resilience study of the memory of the victims of the armed conflict in the department of Magdalena: presentification, visibilization, catharsis and resilience (Spanish). Prolegómenos, 13(25), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.18359/prole.2448 López, F., & Limón, F. (2017). Components of the community resilience process: cultural knowledge, social capacities and organizational strategies (Spanish). Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 9(3), 1–13. Martín-Baró, I. (2003). Power, ideology and violence (Spanish). Madrid: Trotta. Masing, L. (1999). Integrated community disaster planning: The Philippine Experience. In: Ingleton, J. (editor). Natural disaster management. Leicester: Tudor Rose. pp. 201–203. Maskrey, A. (2011). Revisiting community-based disaster risk management. Environmental Hazards, 10(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2011.0005 Mayeur, C. (2018). Building Resilience for Well-Being: Guidelines for Spanish Development Cooperation (Spanish). Available online: https://bibliotecadigital.aecid.es/bibliodig/es/consulta/registro.do?id=10874 (accessed on 3 May 2023). Nuñez, J. (2020). Community structure and self-organization: elements of social resilience for disaster scenarios (Spanish). Revista Cultura y Representaciones Sociales, 15(29), 331–364. Páez, H., & Díaz. (2020). Adaptation to climate change in informal settlements: analysis and strengthening of local initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean (Spanish). Documento estudio de caso Salgar (Antioquia-Colombia). República de Colombia. (2017). Decree No. 1650 of 2017 Establishing the National Agricultural Innovation System SNIA. República de Colombia. Rios, G., Jaramillo, J., Taborda, J., et al. (2020). Southwestern Antioquia: a silenced conflict (Spanish). Available online: https://periodicoelsuroeste.com/suroeste-antioqueno-un-conflicto-silenciado/ (accessed on 3 May 2023). Roque, A. D., Pijawka, D., & Wutich, A. (2020). The Role of Social Capital in Resiliency: Disaster Recovery in Puerto Rico. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 11(2), 204–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12187 Salehi, A., Keikha, A., Yaghoubi, N. M. (2022). The Effect of Community-based Crisis Management on the Resilience to Disasters with the Role of Social Capital. International Journal of Human Capital in urban management. Sandoval-Díaz, J., Muñoz, M. N., & Martínez, D. C. (2023). Systematic review on community adaptive capacity and resilience to socio-natural disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Spanish). Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos Sobre Reducción Del Riesgo de Desastres REDER, 7(2), 187. https://doi.org/10.55467/reder.v7i2.132 Skertchly, A., & Skertchly, K. (2001). Catastrophe management: Coping with totally unexpected extreme disasters. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 16(1), 23–33. Summary for Policymakers. (2014). Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004 Tomkiewicz, S. (2004). The emergence of the concept (Spanish). In: Cyrulnik, B. (editor). El realismo de la Esperanza. Barcelona: Gedisa. Yin, R. (2018). Case study research and applications: design and methods, 6th ed. SAGE Publications, Inc.