New approach to integrating disaster resilience into public open space planning and design
Vol 8, Issue 9, 2024
VIEWS - 202 (Abstract) 64 (PDF)
Abstract
Public open spaces, such as squares, parks, and sports fields, serve as crucial hubs during and after disasters, fostering a sense of normalcy and community, promoting social cohesion, and facilitating community recovery. Additionally, they offer opportunities for promoting physical and mental well-being during such crises. This study aims to enhance the responsiveness of public open spaces to disasters by prioritizing disaster resilience in their planning and design. This study consists of two main stages. Firstly, a literature review is conducted to explore the current trends in research on public open space planning and design and the incorporation of disaster resilience. Results indicate that the primary focus of the current research on planning and designing public open spaces centers around sociocultural, psychological, environmental, and economic benefits. There is limited emphasis on integrating disaster resilience into public open space planning and design, leading to a lack of clear guidance for planners and architects. The emphasis on disaster resilience in public open space planning and design mainly began after 2010, with a notable increase observed in the last six years (2017–2023). This emphasis notably centers on climate change impacts, followed by floods, and then earthquakes. Secondly, drawing on the pivotal role of public open spaces during disasters, the importance of urban planning and design, and the existing gap in incorporating disaster resilience in current research on public open space planning and design, this study develops a novel framework for enhancing public open spaces’ responsiveness to disasters through resilient urban planning and design, based on four main disaster resilience criteria: multifunctionality, efficiency, safety, and accessibility. The insights gleaned from this study offer invaluable guidance to planners, architects, and decision-makers, empowering them to develop public open spaces that can effectively respond to various circumstances, ultimately contributing to bolstering community resilience and sustainability.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Addas, A., & Maghrabi, A. (2022). How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact urban green spaces? A multi-scale assessment of Jeddah megacity (Saudi Arabia). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 69, 127493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127493
Aghababaei, M. T., Costello, S. B., & Ranjitkar, P. (2021). Measures to evaluate post-disaster trip resilience on road networks. Journal of Transport Geography, 95, 103154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103154
Alawi, M., Chu, D., & Hammad, S. (2023). Resilience of Public Open Spaces to Earthquakes: A Case Study of Chongqing, China. Sustainability, 15(2), 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021092
Allan, P., Bryant, M., Wirsching, C., et al. (2013). The Influence of Urban Morphology on the Resilience of Cities Following an Earthquake. Journal of Urban Design, 18(2), 242–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.772881
Bell, S., Montarzino, A., & Travlou, P. (2007). Mapping research priorities for green and public urban space in the UK. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.03.005
Büyüközkan, G., Ilıcak, Ö., & Feyzioğlu, O. (2022). A review of urban resilience literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103579
Carmona, M. (2010). Public places urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. Routledge.
Carmona, M. (2019). Principles for public space design, planning to do better. Urban Design International, 24, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-018-0070-3
Chang, H. S., & Liao, C. H. (2015). Planning emergency shelter locations based on evacuation behavior. Natural Hazards, 76(3), 1551–1571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1557-x
Chen, W., Zhai, G., Ren, C., et al. (2018). Urban Resources Selection and Allocation for Emergency Shelters: In a Multi-Hazard Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061261
Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A., et al. (2009). Managing the health effects of climate change: lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet, 373(9676), 1693–1733. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1
Covatta, A., & Ikalović, V. (2022). Urban Resilience: A Study of Leftover Spaces and Play in Dense City Fabric. Sustainability, 14(20), 13514. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013514
Cred, U. (2020). Human Cost of Disasters. In: An Overview of the last 20 years: 2000–2019. UNDRR.
Cutt, H. E., Giles-Corti, B., Wood, L. J., et al. (2008). Barriers and motivators for owners walking their dog: results from qualitative research. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 19(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1071/he08118
Dore, M. H. I. (2005). Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: What do we know? Environment International, 31(8), 1167–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.004
El-Husseiny, M. A., & Kesseiba, K. (2012). Challenges of Social Sustainability in Neo-liberal Cairo: Re- Questioning the Role of Public Space. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 790–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.267
Fan, L. (2012). Patterns and its disaster shelter of urban green space: Empirical evidence from Jiaozuo city, China. African Journal of Agricultural Reseearch, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar11.1661
Félix, D., Branco, J. M., & Feio, A. (2013). Temporary housing after disasters: A state of the art survey. Habitat International, 40, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.03.006
Friedmann, J. (1986). The World City Hypothesis. Development and Change, 17(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x
Gall, M. (2004). Where to Go? Strategic Modelling of Access to Emergency Shelters in Mozambique. Disasters, 28(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00244.x
Gallerani, D. G., Besenyi, G. M., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., et al. (2017). “We actually care and we want to make the parks better”: A qualitative study of youth experiences and perceptions after conducting park audits. Preventive Medicine, 95, S109–S114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.043
Ghavampour, E. (2014). The contribution of natural design elements to the sustained use of public space in a city centre. Victoria University of Wellington.
Giles-Corti, B., Broomhall, M. H., Knuiman, M., et al. (2005). Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? American journal of preventive medicine, 28(2), 169-176.
Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., & Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built environment, 33(1), 115-133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.33.1.115
Greely, A. W. (1906). Earthquake in California, April 18, 1906: Special Report of Maj. Gen. Adolphus W. Greely, U.S.A., Commanding the Pacifc Division. Available online: https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb1t1n98g0&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text (accessed on 23 May 2024).
Grima, N., Corcoran, W., Hill-James, C., et al. (2020). The importance of urban natural areas and urban ecosystem services during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0243344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243344
Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., et al. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions—design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S263–S279. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074
Hore, K., Kelman, I., Mercer, J., & Gaillard, J. (2018). Climate change and disasters. In: Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer International Publishing.
Hossain, N. (2014). Street’as accessible open space network in earthquake recovery planning in unplanned urban areas. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(4), 103–115. https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/9.pdf
Jalaladdini, S., & Oktay, D. (2012). Urban Public Spaces and Vitality: A Socio-Spatial Analysis in the Streets of Cypriot Towns. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.135
Jose, R., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2019). Community organizations and mental health after the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. Social Science & Medicine, 222, 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.019
Kreimer, A. (1979). Emergency, temporary and permanent housing after disasters in developing countries. Ekistics, 361–365.
León, J., & March, A. (2014). Urban morphology as a tool for supporting tsunami rapid resilience: A case study of Talcahuano, Chile. Habitat International, 43, 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.04.006
Liu, K. (2022). GIS-based MCDM framework combined with coupled multi-hazard assessment for site selection of post-earthquake emergency medical service facilities in Wenchuan, China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 73, 102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102873
Lloyd, K., Burden, J., & Kiewa, J. (2008). Young Girls and Urban Parks: Planning for Transition Through Adolescence. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26(3).
Logan, T. M., & Guikema, S. D. (2020). Reframing Resilience: Equitable Access to Essential Services. Risk Analysis, 40(8), 1538–1553. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13492
Macey, J. S. T. (2018). Lessons for the Grenfell Tower Fire Disaster Recovery: Learning from previous disasters. Available online: https://www.jsna.info/sites/default/files/Annex%202%20Learning%20from%20previous%20disasters.pdf (accessed on 23 May 2024).
Marasco, S., Kammouh, O., & Cimellaro, G. P. (2022). Disaster resilience quantification of communities: A risk-based approach. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 70, 102778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102778
Mason, D., & Brabhaharan, P. (2021). Characterisation of transport resilience and measures to enhance resilience in the recovery after the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 54(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.2.69-81
Masuda, N. (2014). Disaster refuge and relief urban park system in Japan. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 2(4), 52–61.
Mazereeuw, M., & Yarina, E. (2017). Emergency Preparedness Hub: Designing Decentralized Systems for Disaster Resilience. Journal of Architectural Education, 71(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2017.1260928
McGlynn, S., Smith, G., Alcock, A., et al. (2013). Responsive environments. Routledge.
Mehta, V. (2013). Evaluating Public Space. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 53–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.854698
Meter, W. (2024). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Available online: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (accessed on 23 May 2024).
Migration, T. I. O. F. (2021). IOM Provides Emergency Help to Thousands of Haitians Affected by Earthquake. Available online: https://www.iom.int/news/iom-provides-emergency-help-thousands-haitians-affected-earthquake (accessed on 23 May 2024).
Nations, U. (2015). The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations.
News, N. J. L. (2012). Hurricane Sandy evacuees moved to Oceanport tent city. Available online: https://www.nj.com/monmouth/2012/11/hurricane_sandy_evacuees_moved_to_oceanport_tent_city.html (accessed on 23 May 2024).
Nicholls, S. (2001). Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: a case study using GIS. Managing Leisure, 6(4), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710110084651
Organization, W. H. (2022). Moving around during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Available online: https://who.canto.global/v/coronavirus/s/MFSQ0?viewIndex=1&column=document&id=94covo1rdl4snc0dvh3f7uc956 (accessed on 23 May 2024).
Pelling, M. (2003). The Vulnerability of Cities: Social resilience and natural disaster. Earthscan, 212.
Rahill, G. J., Ganapati, N. E., Clérismé, J. C., et al. (2014). Shelter recovery in urban Haiti after the earthquake: The dual role of social capital. Disasters, 38(s1). https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12051
ResilienceIndex, C. (2014). City resilience framework. The Rockefeller Foundation and ARUP.
Sendi, R., & Goličnik Marušić, B. (2012). Neighbourhood Design. International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. Elsevier.
Shaleh, A., Asyifa, N., & Abhistha, T. (2022). The Role of Multi-Function Furniture in the Pandemic Era. International Journal of Design, 2, 1–6.
Sharifi, A. (2020). Urban Resilience Assessment: Mapping Knowledge Structure and Trends. Sustainability, 12(15), 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155918
Soga, M., Evans, M. J., Tsuchiya, K., et al. (2021). A room with a green view: The importance of nearby nature for mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Ecological Applications, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2248
Soltani, A., Ardalan, A., Darvishi Boloorani, A., et al. (2014). Site Selection Criteria for Sheltering after Earthquakes: A Systematic Review. PLoS Currents.
Song, Y., Xie, K., & Su, W. (2019). Mechanism and strategies of post-earthquake evacuation based on cellular automata model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 34, 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.11.020
Stanley, B. W., Stark, B. L., Johnston, K. L., et al. (2012). Urban Open Spaces in Historical Perspective: A Transdisciplinary Typology and Analysis. Urban Geography, 33(8), 1089–1117. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.33.8.1089
Subaiya, S., Moussavi, C., Velasquez, A., et al. (2014). A Rapid Needs Assessment of the Rockaway Peninsula in New York City After Hurricane Sandy and the Relationship of Socioeconomic Status to Recovery. American Journal of Public Health, 104(4), 632–638. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301668
Tai, C. A., Lee, Y. L., & Ching-Yuan Lin. (2010). Earthquake disaster prevention area planning considering residents’ demand. In: Proceedings of the 2010 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computer Control.
Tajima, K. (2003). New Estimates of the Demand for Urban Green Space: Implications for Valuing the Environmental Benefits of Boston’s Big Dig Project. Journal of Urban Affairs, 25(5), 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2003.00006.x
Thompson, C. W. (2002). Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and urban planning, 60(2), 59–72.
Timmermann, P. (1981). Vulnerability, resilience and the collapse of society. Environmental Monograph, 1, 1–42.
Tucker, P., Gilliland, J., & Irwin, J. D. (2007). Splashpads, Swings, and Shade. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(3), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03403712
Turer Baskaya, F. A. (2015). Disaster sensitive landscape planning for the coastal megacity of Istanbul. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 19(5), 729–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-014-0365-5
Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., et al. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 56, 126888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126888
UNISDR. (2005). Hyogo framework for action 2005–2015. In: Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. pp. 508–516.
UNISDR. (2012). How To Make Cities More Resilient—A Handbook for Local Government Leaders-A contribution to the Global Campaign 2010-2015—Making Cities Resilient—My City is Getting Ready! The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Geneva.
UNISDR. (2015). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. In: United Nations Int Strateg Disaster Reduct. United Nations.
Vargas-Moreno, J., Meece, B., & Emperador, S. (2014). A framework for using open green spaces for climate change adaptation and resilience in Barranquilla. In: Proceedings of the Resilient Cities 2014 Congress, 5th Global Forum on Urban Resilience and Adaptation; Bonn, Germany.
Villagra, P., Rojas, C., Ohno, R., et al. (2014). A GIS-base exploration of the relationships between open space systems and urban form for the adaptive capacity of cities after an earthquake: The cases of two Chilean cities. Applied Geography, 48, 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.01.010
Villagra-Islas, P., & Alves, S. (2016). Open space and their attributes, uses and restorative qualities in an earthquake emergency scenario: The case of Concepción, Chile. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 19, 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.017
Waters, T., & Smith, M. (2002). The planning and management of urban open space in Scotland: A case study based on the development of Dundee’s Public Open Space Strategy. SNH Review.
Woolley, H. (2006). Freedom of the city: Contemporary issues and policy influences on children and young people’s use of public open space in England. Children’s Geographies, 4(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280600577368
Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., et al. (2020). Urban Parks as Green Buffers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12(17), 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176751
Yamada, S., Gunatilake, R. P., Roytman, T. M., et al. (2006). The Sri Lanka Tsunami Experience. Disaster Management & Response, 4(2), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmr.2006.01.001
Yin, H., & Xu, J. (2009). Measuring the Accessibility of Parks: A Case Study in Shanghai, China. 2009 Sixth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery. https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2009.583
You, C., Chen, X., & Yao, L. (2009). How China responded to the May 2008 earthquake during the emergency and rescue period. Journal of Public Health Policy, 30(4), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2009.30
Zavadskas, E. K., Bausys, R., & Mazonaviciute, I. (2019). Safety evaluation methodology of urban public parks by multi-criteria decision making. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.014
Zhang, X. Q. (2016). The trends, promises and challenges of urbanisation in the world. Habitat International, 54, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.018
Zhang, X., Miller-Hooks, E., & Denny, K. (2015). Assessing the role of network topology in transportation network resilience. Journal of Transport Geography, 46, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.05.006
Zivkovic, J., Lalovic, K., Milojevic, M., et al. (2019). Multifunctional public open spaces for sustainable cities: Concept and application. Facta Universitatis—Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, 17(2), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.2298/fuace190327012z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i9.5222
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohsen Alawi, Dongzhu Chu
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.