Transformative smart rural tourism in adversity of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

Nina Cvar, Simona Stojanova, Jure Trilar, Andrej Kos, Emilija Stojmenova Duh

Article ID: 4065
Vol 8, Issue 6, 2024

VIEWS - 227 (Abstract) 58 (PDF)

Abstract


The coronavirus pandemic has reinforced the need for sustainable, smart tourism and local travel, with rural destinations gaining in their popularity and leading to increased potential of smart rural tourism. However, these processes need adjustments to the current trends, incorporating new transformative business concepts and marketing approaches. In this paper we provide real life examples of new marketing approaches, together with new business models within the context of the use of new digital technologies. Via hermeneutic research approach, consisting of the secondary analysis of the addressed subject of smart rural tourism in adversity of the COVID-19 and 6 semi-structured interviews, the importance of technology is underscored in transforming rural tourism to smart rural tourist destinations. The respondents in the interview section were chosen based on their direct involvement in the presented examples and geographical location, i.e. France, Slovenia and Spain, where presented research examples were developed, concretely within European programmes, i.e. Interreg, Horizon and Rural Development Programme (RDP). Interviews were taking place between 2022 and 2023 in person, email or via Zoom. This two-phased study demonstrates that technology is important in transforming rural tourism to smart tourist destinations and that it ushers new approaches that seem particularly useful in applying to rural areas, creating a rural digital innovation ecosystem, which acts as s heuristic rural tourist model that fosters new types of tourism, i.e. smart rural tourism.


Keywords


rural tourism; rural digital innovation ecosystem; smart and sustainable tourist destinations; sustainable development; digital technologies; marketing promotion; heuristic rural tourism model

Full Text:

PDF


References


Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P. T., et al. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033

Ayazlar, G. & Arslan Ayazlar. R. (2015). Rural Tourism: A Conceptual Approach. In: Tourism, Environment and Sustainability, St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.

Ballina, F. J. (2020). Is there rural smart tourism? A Spanish experience. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 42(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.15544/mts.2020.37

Bassano, C., Barile, S., Piciocchi, P., et al. (2019). Storytelling about places: Tourism marketing in the digital age. Cities, 87, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.025

Bastiaansen, M., Straatman, S., Driessen, E., et al. (2018). My destination in your brain: A novel neuromarketing approach for evaluating the effectiveness of destination marketing. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 7, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.09.003

Bessière, J. (1998). Local Development and Heritage: Traditional Food and Cuisine as Tourist Attractions in Rural Areas. Sociologia Ruralis, 38(1), 21–34. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00061

Bojnec, S. (2010). Rural tourism, rural economy diversification, and sustainable development. Academica Turistica, 3(1–2), 7–15.

Bradshaw, C. J. A., Ehrlich, P. R., Beattie, A., et al. (2021). Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419

Brennen, J., & Kreiss, D. (2016). Digitalization. In: The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, Chichester. Wiley-Blackwell.

Butollo, F. (2021). Digitalization and the geographies of production: Towards reshoring or global fragmentation? Competition & Change, 25(2), 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420918160

Carpe Digem. (2021). Available online: https://www.interregeurope.eu/carpedigem/ (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Celdrán-Bernabeu, M. A., Mazón, J. N., Ivars-Baidal, J. A., & Vera-Rebollo, J. F. (2018). Smart tourism. A study on systematic mapping. Cuadernos de Turismo, (41), 655–658.

Chin, S. W. L., Hassan, N. H., & Yong, G. Y. (2023). The new ecotourists of the 21st century: Brunei as a case study. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2191444

Chin, W. L., & Pehin Dato Musa, P. D, S. F. (2021). Agritourism resilience against Covid-19: Impacts and management strategies. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1950290

Cohen, E., & Cohen, S. A. (2015). Beyond Eurocentrism in tourism: a paradigm shift to mobilities. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1039331

Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (2020). The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature microbiology, 5(2020): 536–544.

Cranmer, E. E., tom Dieck, M. C., & Fountoulaki, P. (2020). Exploring the value of augmented reality for tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100672

Cvar, N., Trilar, J., Kos, A., et al. (2020). The Use of IoT Technology in Smart Cities and Smart Villages: Similarities, Differences, and Future Prospects. Sensors, 20(14), 3897. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143897

Darău, A. P., Corneliu, M., Brad, M. L., & Avram, E. (2010). The concept of rural tourism and agritourism. Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş, 5(1): 39–42.

Dashper, K. (2014). Rural Tourism: An International Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Daugstad, K., & Kirchengast, C. (2013). Authenticity and the pseudo-backstage of agri-tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.04.004

Digital and Social Innovation in Rural Services. (2018). Available online: https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/enrd_publications/publi-eafrd-brochure-07-en_2018-0.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Doquet, A., & Evrard, O. (2008). An interview with Jean Didier Urbain. Tourist Studies, 8(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797608099247

Dujmović M., & Vitasović, A. (2015). Postmodern Society and Tourism. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2169/2015.10.003

Epstein, P. R. (2001). Climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Microbes and infection, 3(9), 747–754.

Femenia-Serra, F., & Neuhofer, B. (2018). Smart tourism experiences: Conceptualisation, key dimensions and research agenda. Investigaciones Regionales-Journal of Regional Research, (42), 129–150.

Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press.

Garau, C. (2015). Perspectives on Cultural and Sustainable Rural Tourism in a Smart Region: The Case Study of Marmilla in Sardinia (Italy). Sustainability, 7(6), 6412–6434. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7066412

Giulianotti, R., & Robertson, R. (2006). Glocalization, Globalization and Migration. International Sociology, 21(2), 171–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580906061374

González-Reverté. (2019). Building Sustainable Smart Destinations: An Approach Based on the Development of Spanish Smart Tourism Plans. Sustainability, 11(23), 6874. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236874

Gray, R. (2010). Is accounting for sustainability actually accounting for sustainability…and how would we know? An exploration of narratives of organisations and the planet. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2009.04.006

Gretzel, U. (2018). From smart destinations to smart tourism regions. Investigaciones Regionales-Journal of Regional Research, (42), 171–184.

Gretzel, U., Koo, C., Sigala, M., et al. (2015). Special issue on smart tourism: convergence of information technologies, experiences, and theories. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 175–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0194-x

Griffin, T., Giberson, J., Lee, S. H. M., et al. (2017). Virtual reality and implications for destination marketing. In: Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing. QuebeC.

Hall, C. M. (2019). Constructing sustainable tourism development: The 2030 agenda and the managerial ecology of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1044–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560456

Hardesty S, Leff P. (2020). California's agritourism operations expand despite facing regulatory challenges. California Agriculture, 74(3), 123–126. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2020a0026

Haven-Tang, C., & Sedgley, D. (2014). Partnership working in enhancing the destination brand of rural areas: A case study of Made in Monmouthshire, Wales, UK. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.12.001

Hernández-Maestro, R. M., & González-Benito, Ó. (2014). Rural Lodging Establishments as Drivers of Rural Development. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513481273

Hill, B. (2006). The New Rural Economy: Change, Dynamism and Government Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.878622

Holden, A. (2019). Environmental ethics for tourism- the state of the art. Tourism Review, 74(3), 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-03-2017-0066

Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., McGuire, F. A., et al. (2013). Second Life: The Potential of 3D Virtual Worlds in Travel and Tourism Industry. Tourism Analysis, 18(4), 471–477. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354213x13736372326154

Hughes, H. L. (1994). Tourism multiplier studies: a more judicious approach. Tourism Management, 15(6), 403–406.

Hunter, W. C., Chung, N., Gretzel, U., et al. (2015). Constructivist Research in Smart Tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 25(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2015.25.1.105

Jamal, T., & Higham, J. (2021). Justice and ethics: towards a new platform for tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2–3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835933

January 2021 as UNWTO calls for stronger coordination to restart tourism. (2021). Available online: https://www.unwto.org/news/tourist-arrivals-down-87-in-january-202 (accessed on 4 August 2023).

Kantar, S., & Svržnjak, K. (2017). Development of Sustainable Rural Tourism. DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 9(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.32725/det.2017.003

Koo, C., Shin, S., Gretzel, U., et al. (2016). Conceptualization of Smart Tourism Destination Competitiveness. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 26(4), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2016.26.4.561

Lebe, S. S., & Milfelner, B. (2006). Innovative organisation approach to sustainable tourism development in rural areas. Kybernetes, 35(7/8), 1136–1146. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920610675139

Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C., et al. (2017). The concept of smart tourism in the context of tourism information services. Tourism Management, 58, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.014

Liu, Y.-L., Chiang, J.-T., & Ko, P.-F. (2023). The benefits of tourism for rural community development. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01610-4

LiveRur. (2021). Available online: https://liverur.eu/ (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Martínez, J. M. G., Martín, J. M. M., Fernández, J. A. S., & Mogorrón-Guerrero, H. (2019). An analysis of the stability of rural tourism as a desired condition for sustainable tourism. Journal of Business Research, 100, 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.033

McComb, E. J., Boyd, S., & Boluk, K. (2017). Stakeholder collaboration: A means to the success of rural tourism destinations? A critical evaluation of the existence of stakeholder collaboration within the Mournes, Northern Ireland. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(3), 286–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415583738

Modica, P. (2015). Sustainable tourism management and monitoring: Destination, business and stakeholder perspectives. Franco Angeli Edizioni.

Mossberg, L., Nissen Johansen, E. (2006). Storytelling: Marketing in the Experience Industry (Swedish). Studentlitteratur.

Nagaraju, L. G., & Chandrashekara, B. (2014). Rural tourism and rural development in India. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(6), 42–48.

Nair, V., Munikrishnan, U. T., Rajaratnam, S. D., et al. (2015). Redefining Rural Tourism in Malaysia: A Conceptual Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(3), 314–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.889026

Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times. https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602

NASA Clocks July 2023 as Hottest Month on Record Ever Since 1880 (n.d.). Available online: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3279/nasa-clocks-july-2023-as-hottes (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments. (2023). Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TOUR_OCC_NINAT__custom_4505884/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=c4e37ab2-490c (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Nistoreanu, P., Dorobanţu, M. R., & Ţuclea, C. E. (2011). The trilateral relationship ecotourism–sustainable tourism–slow travel among nature in the line with authentic tourism lovers. Journal of Tourism - Studies and Research in Tourism, (11), 35–38.

Nosratabadi, S., Mosavi, A., Shamshirband, S., et al. (2019). Sustainable Business Models: A Review. Sustainability, 11(6), 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061663

OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). (2020). Available online: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/rebuilding-tourism-for-the-future-covid-19-policy-responses-and-recovery-bced9859/ (accessed on 27 December 2023).

OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020. (n.d.). Available online: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/f528d444-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/f528d444-en (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Pestek, A., & Sarvan, M. (2020). Virtual reality and modern tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(2), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-01-2020-0004

Petrović, M., Vujko, A., Gajić, T., et al. (2017). Tourism as an Approach to Sustainable Rural Development in Post-Socialist Countries: A Comparative Study of Serbia and Slovenia. Sustainability, 10(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010054

Polukhina, A., Sheresheva, M., Efremova, M., et al. (2021). The Concept of Sustainable Rural Tourism Development in the Face of COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Russia. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010038

Puriri, A., & McIntosh, A. (2019). A cultural framework for Māori tourism: values and processes of a Whānau tourism business development. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 49(sup1), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1656260

Rangus, M., Brumen, B., & Potočnik Topler, J. (2017). Sustainable Tourism Development in Rural Areas: The Role of Stakeholders. Academica Turistica, 10(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.10.167-173

Remoaldo, P., Freitas, I., Matos, O., et al. (2017). The Planning of Tourism on Rural Areas: The Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Boticas Municipality (Northeastern Portugal). European Countryside, 9(3), 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1515/euco-2017-0030

Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. (n.d.). Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Revitalising rural areas through digitisation. The experience of three rural digital hubs (2017). Available online: https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/tg_rural-businesses_case-study_rural-digital-hub.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Ribes, J. F. P., & Baidal, J. I. (2018). Smart sustainability: A new perspective in the sustainable tourism debate. Investigaciones Regionales-Journal of Regional Research, (42), 151–170.

Richards, G., & Marques, L. (2012). Exploring creative tourism: Editors introduction. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 4(2), 1–11.

Robertson, R. (1995). Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. Global modernities, 2(1), 25–44.

Rocha, J. (2020). Smart Tourism and Smart Destinations for a Sustainable Future. In: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Rodrigues, P. Gómez-Suárez, M., Brochado, A., et al. (2022). COVID Crisis and the Impact on Smart Tourism, Sustainable Development and Local Communities. Palgrave Studies in Cross-disciplinary Business Research.

Rozman, Č., Potočnik, M., Pažek, K., et al. (2009). A multi-criteria assessment of tourist farm service quality. Tourism Management, 30(5), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.11.008

Rundel, C. T., Salemink, K., & Strijker, D. (2020). Exploring rural digital hubs and their possible contribution to communities in Europe. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 15(3), 21–44.

Rural tourism explained: What, where and why (n.d.). Available online: https://tourismteacher.com/rural-tourism/ (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Rural tourism. (n.d.). Available online: https://www.unwto.org/rural-tourism (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Santos, A., Madrid, C., & Haegeman, K. (2020). The Role of Smart Specialization in Torism Recovery. In: Proceedings of the SMARTER 2020 Conference: 1st Webinar - Place-based responses to the COVID-19 economic crisis.

Sasu, K. A., & Epuran, G. (2016). An overview of the new trends in rural tourism. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series V: Economic Sciences.

Smart Agro Grape. (2021). Digital platform for winegrowers in introducing common environmental approaches to reduce the burden of agriculture on the environment. Available online: https://ltfe.org/en/portfolio/smart-agro-grape/ (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Smart Villages Pilot Project. (2019). Available online: https://digitevent-images.s3.amazonaws.com/5c0e6198801d2065233ff996-registrationfiletexteditor-1551115459927-smart-villages-briefing-note.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Smart Villages. (2021). Available online: https://www.alpine-space.eu/projects/smartvillages/en/home (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Spears, N., & Singh, S. N. (2004). Measuring Attitude toward the Brand and Purchase Intentions. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 26(2), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2004.10505164

Stojanova, S., Cvar, N., Verhovnik, J., et al. (2022). Rural Digital Innovation Hubs as a Paradigm for Sustainable Business Models in Europe’s Rural Areas. Sustainability, 14(21), 14620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114620

Stojanova, S., Lentini, G., Niederer, P., et al. (2021). Smart Villages Policies: Past, Present and Future. Sustainability, 13(4), 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041663

Taecharungroj, V., Muthuta, M., & Boonchaiyapruek, P. (2019). Sustainability as a place brand position: a resident-centric analysis of the ten towns in the vicinity of Bangkok. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(4), 210–228. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-019-00127-5

Teixeira, T., Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2012). Emotion-Induced Engagement in Internet Video Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0207

Tourism and COVID-19—unprecedented economic impacts. (n.d.). Available online: https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-covid-19-unprecedented-economic-impacts (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Townsend, L., Sathiaseelan, A., Fairhurst, G., et al. (2013). Enhanced broadband access as a solution to the social and economic problems of the rural digital divide. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 28(6), 580–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094213496974

Tuel, A., & Eltahir, E. A. B. (2020). Why Is the Mediterranean a Climate Change Hot Spot? Journal of Climate, 33(14), 5829–5843. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0910.1

Turner, L., & Ash, J. (1975). The golden hordes: International tourism and the pleasure periphery. Constable.

UNWTO Launches Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism. (n.d.). Available online: https://www.unwto.org/news/unwto-launches-global-guidelines-to-restart-tourism (accessed on 27 December 2023).

Vargas-Sánchez, A. (2016). Exploring the concept of smart tourist destination. Enlightening Tourism. A Pathmaking Journal, 6(2), 178–196.

Vélez, M. J. P., & Arévalo, P. J. (2004). Turismo rural: Manual del gestor de alojamientos rurales. Almuzara.

Vinzenz, F., Priskin, J., Wirth, W., et al. (2019). Marketing sustainable tourism: the role of value orientation, well-being and credibility. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(11), 1663–1685. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1650750

Wang, P. (2019). An Ecological Approach to Theorizing Digital Innovation Ecosystems. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2019(1), 14131. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.14131abstract

Wegren, S. (2016). The Quest for Rural Sustainability in Russia. Sustainability, 8(7), 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070602

Weidenfeld, A. (2018). Tourism Diversification and Its Implications for Smart Specialisation. Sustainability, 10(2), 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020319

Wisansing, J. (2004). Tourism planning and destination marketing: towards a community-driven approach: A case of Thailand [PhD thesis]. Lincoln University.

Wood, R. E. (1984). Ethnic tourism, the state, and cultural change in Southeast Asia. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3), 353–374. Woods, M. (2010). Rural, 1st ed. Routledge.

Woods, M. (2010). Rural (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844304

WTO. (2020). International trade in travel and tourism services: Economic impact and policy responses during the COVID-19 crisis. Available online: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202011_e.htm (accessed 19 February 2024).

Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Potter, L. E. (2020). Virtual reality and tourism marketing: conceptualizing a framework on presence, emotion, and intention. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(11), 1505–1525. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1820454

Zavratnik, V., Kos, A., & Stojmenova Duh, E. (2018). Smart Villages: Comprehensive Review of Initiatives and Practices. Sustainability, 10(7), 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072559

Zavratnik, V., Podjed, D., Trilar, J., et al. (2020). Sustainable and community-centred development of smart cities and villages. Sustainability, 12(10): 3961.

Zavratnik, V., Superina, A., & Stojmenova Duh, E. (2019). Living Labs for Rural Areas: Contextualization of Living Lab Frameworks, Concepts and Practices. Sustainability, 11(14), 3797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143797




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i6.4065

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Nina Cvar, Simona Stojanova, Jure Trilar, Andrej Kos, Emilija Stojmenova Duh

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.