Shadow Education Enterprises; primary and secondary schools; spatial agglomeration; influencing factors; Zhengzhou main urban area

Baker, D. P., Motoko Akiba, LeTendre, G. K., et al. (2001). Worldwide Shadow Education: Outside-School Learning, Institutional Quality of Schooling, and Cross-National Mathematics Achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 23(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737023001001 Bray, M. (2020). Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications. Global Education, 4(3), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531119890142 Bray, M., Qing, L. (2012). The Global Expansion of Shadow Education: Subverting or Enhancing Equity, Quality, and Development? Comparative Education Review, 34, 13–17. Chen, Y. Y., Li, H. C. (2021). Policy Evolution, Dilemma and Countermeasures of Shadow Education Governance. Fudan Education Forum, 19, 5–12. Clark P. J., Evans, F. C. (1954). Distance to Nearest Neighbor as a Measure of Spatial Relationships in Populations. Ecology, 35, 445–453. Diao, B. D., Chen, K. L., Ding, L., et al. (2017). Spatial Pattern and Influence Factors of Taobao Village in 2013 and 2014 (Chinese). Tropical Geography, 37, 56–65. Ding, Y. D., Fan, Y., Xue, H. P. (2018). From Competition to Cooperation: An Analysis of the Relationship between School and Shadow Education Enterprises (Chinese). Modern Education Management, 45–50. Dou, C. C., Chen, L., Xie, Y. Y, et al. (2022). Analysis of the spatial agglomeration and influencing factors of children’s education and tutoring institutions: A case study of Beijing, China (Chinese). Geographical Research, 41, 1170–1182. Feng, Y. (2018). Social effects and governance path of “shadow education” (Chinese). Journal of Educational Development, 34–38. Huang, D. C., Hu, Z. Y., Wang, H. (2018). Marketing strategy of English education and training institutions (Chinese). Management and Administration, 141–143. Ji, X. F., Li, X. J., Yang, X. Q., et al. (2020). A Method to Estimate the Spatial Distribution Character of Urban Transportation Facilities Using POI Data: A Case Study of Kunming Main Urban Area (Chinese). Areal Research and Development, 39, 76–82. Kim, H. (2013). Analysis of the Causes of Shadow Education in the Era of the Schooled Society [PhD thesis]. The Pennsylvania State University. Lefever, D. W. (1926). Measuring Geographic Concentration by Means of the Standard Deviational Ellipse. American Journal of Sociology, 32(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1086/214027 Li, J. L. (2017). The Heterogeneity Effect of Different Types of Shadow Education Primary Students’ Academic Achievement—And Its Implication for Educational Inequality (Chinese). Education Science, 2017, 33, 16–25. Li, J. L., Hu, Y. M., Fan, W. F. (2016). Family Background, Shadow Education and Student Achievement: Based on Empirical Research of Wisconsin Model (Chinese). China Economics of Education Review, 1, 70–89. Li, Y. (2017). Causes and Trends of Shadow Education Development (Chinese). Journal of Shenyang Normal University (Social Science Edition), 41, 122–126. Liu, C. H., GU, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2021). The Spatial Differentiation of Urban Shadow Educational Institutions and the Territorialization of Educational Resources: A Case Study of Nanjing, China (Chinese). Economic Geography, 41, 155–164. Liu, C. L., Xue, S. J. (2019). Spatial heterogeneity of public service facilities in central Shanghai. Human Geography, 2019, 34, 122–130+150. Lu, D. K., Wang, C., Ding, C. Y. (2019). On the encroachment and interference of off-campus training institutions on basic education (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Education, (1): 79–84+101. Luo, Z. F., Gao, X., Zhang, Y. F., et al. (2020). Research on the spatial pattern and influencing factors of urban Shadow Education Enterprises based on poi data: A case of Lanzhou (Chinese). Human Geography, 35, 95–105. Mitchell, A. (2005). The ESRI guide to GIS analysis, volume 2: Spatial measurements and statistics. ESRI Press. pp. 39–44. Mori, I., Baker, D. (2010). The origin of universal shadow education: what the supplemental education phenomenon tells us about the postmodern institution of education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-009-9057-5 Qu, H. M. (2013). The Sociological Analysis to Set up Education Training Organization of Undergraduates. Chengdu: Sichuan Normal University, 34–43. Ran, H. (2019). Location Selection Research on Education and Training Institution Based on Fuzzy Logic and AHP (Chinese). Geospatial Information, 2019, 17(1), 85–88． Shi, Z., Wang, S. J., Hao, F. L. (2019). The Spatial Distribution and Formation of Takeaway O2O Catering Industry Based on Entity Restaurant Comparison in Changchun (Chinese). Human Geography, 34, 80–89. Song, H. S., Xue, H. P. (2018). Regulations and Governance of Shadow Education Enterprises in China: Based on the Perspective of Game Theory (Chinese). Forum on Contemporary Education, 79–87. Wang, F., Bai, Y. P., Zhou, L., et al. (2019). Spatial pattern and influencing factors of the equalization of basic education public service in China (Chinese). Geography Research, 38, 285–296. Wang, G., Li, S. J., Ma, Q. F. (2018). Spatial equilibrium and pattern evolution of ecological civilization construction efficiency in China (Chinese). Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73, 2198–2209. Wang, S. J., Hao, F. L., Jiang, L. L. (2015). Locations and their determinants of large-scale commercial sites in Changchun, China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70, 893–905. Xie, Y. (2018). Accessibility evaluation and siting of private educational institutions based on social media data—A case study of Xuhui District, Shanghai [Master’s thesis]. East China Normal University. Xu, H., Zhou, Z. K., Kong, D. L. (2019). Spatial Pattern of Basic Education Resources in Wuhan Based on Spatial Coupling Algorithm. Economic Geography, 39, 87–94. Xue, B., Xiao, X., Li, J. Z., et al. (2018). POI-Based Analysis on Retail’s Spatial Hot Blocks at a City Level: A Case Study of Shenyang, China (Chinese). Economic Geography, 38, 36–43. Yang, T., Huang, W. G. (2020). Current Regulation and Governance of Extramural Training Institutions in China (Chinese). Education Research Monthly, 1, 79–87. Ye, S. S., Luo, P. C., Wu, J. L., et al. (2022). Analysis of Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Education and Training Institutions in Fuzhou City Based on POI Data (Chinese). Areal Research and Development, 41, 44–51. Zhang, Y., Niu, L. R., Huang, M. J., et al. (2016). Research on marketing strategy of small and medium-sized education and training institutions in China (Chinese). Modern Education, 45–46. Zhao, L., Zhao, Z. Q. (2014). Projecting the Spatial Variation of Economic Based on the Specific Ellipses in China (Chinese). Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34, 979–986. Zheng, P., Donald, L., Wang, H. (2022). Peer effects and shadow education (Chinese). Economic Modelling, 105822.