2050 building stock might be buildings that already exist today. A large percentage of these buildings fail today’s energy performance standards. Highly inefficient buildings delay progress toward a zero-carbon-building goal (SDGs 7 and 13) and can lead to investments in renewable energy infrastructure. The study aims to investigate how bioclimatic design strategies enhance energy efficiency in selected orthopaedic hospitals in Nigeria. The study objective includes Identifying the bioclimatic design strategies that improve energy efficiency in orthopaedic hospitals, assessing the energy efficiency requirements in an orthopaedic hospital in Nigeria and analysing the effects of bioclimatic design strategies in enhancing energy efficiency in an orthopaedic hospital in Nigeria. The study engaged a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research method. The investigators used case study research as a research design and a deductive approach as the research paradigm. The research employed a questionnaire survey for quantitative data while the in-depth Interview (IDI) guide and observation schedule for qualitative data. The findings present a relationship between bioclimatic design strategies and energy conservation practices in an orthopaedic hospital building. Therefore, implementing bioclimatic design strategies might enhance energy efficiency in hospital buildings. The result of the study revealed that bioclimatic hospital designs may cost the same amount to build but can save a great deal on energy costs. Despite the challenges, healthcare designers and owners are finding new ways to integrate bioclimatic design strategies into new healthcare construction to accelerate patient and planet healing.

Abutabenjeh, S., & Jaradat, R. (2018). Clarification of research design, research methods, and research methodology. Teaching Public Administration, 36(3), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144739418775787

Ade-Ojo, O. C. (2022). Awareness of the LEED requirements for green housing development among built-environment professionals in Nigeria. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 12(4), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1108/bepam-02-2020-0032

Ahmad, J., Boity, A. K., Chauhan, H. K., et al. (2022). Evaluation of Architectural Design Features in Achieving Sustainability in Hospital Projects. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 9453–9463. https://doi.org/10.1149/10701.9453ecst

Ahmed, A., Ge, T., Peng, J., et al. (2022). Assessment of the renewable energy generation towards net-zero energy buildings: A review. Energy and Buildings, 256, 111755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111755

Akhtar, S., Ali shah, S. W., Rafiq, M., et al. (2016). Research design and statistical methods in Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (PJMS). Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.321.9033

Aridi, R., Faraj, J., Ali, S., et al. (2021). Energy Recovery in Air Conditioning Systems: Comprehensive Review, Classifications, Critical Analysis, and Potential Recommendations. Energies, 14(18), 5869. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185869

Atanda, J. O., & Olukoya, O. A. P. (2019). Green building standards: Opportunities for Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.189

Ayanlade, A., Sergi, C., & Ayanlade, O. S. (2020). Malaria and meningitis under climate change: initial assessment of climate information service in Nigeria. Meteorological Applications, 27(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1953

Bengtsson, M., Alfredsson, E., Cohen, M., et al. (2018). Transforming systems of consumption and production for achieving the sustainable development goals: moving beyond efficiency. Sustainability Science, 13(6), 1533–1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0582-1

Borges de Oliveira, K., dos Santos, E. F., Neto, A. F., et al. (2021). Guidelines for efficient and sustainable energy management in hospital buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production, 329, 129644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129644

Bugenings, L. A., & Kamari, A. (2022). Bioclimatic Architecture Strategies in Denmark: A Review of Current and Future Directions. Buildings, 12(2), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020224

Bulakh, I. (2019). Energy efficiency use of bioclimatic facades in medical buildings. In: Development of Modern Science: The Experience of European Countries and Prospects for Ukraine. Baltija Publishing.

Chen, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, M., et al. (2021). Hospital-oriented quad-generation (HOQG)—A combined cooling, heating, power and gas (CCHPG) system. Applied Energy, 300, 117382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117382

Creswell, J. W., Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.

Cygańska, M., & Kludacz-Alessandri, M. (2021). Determinants of Electrical and Thermal Energy Consumption in Hospitals According to Climate Zones in Poland. Energies, 14(22), 7585. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227585

Daemei, A. B., Eghbali, S. R., & Khotbehsara, E. M. (2019). Bioclimatic design strategies: A guideline to enhance human thermal comfort in Cfa climate zones. Journal of Building Engineering, 25, 100758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100758

De Luca, F., Sepúlveda, A., & Varjas, T. (2022). Multi-performance optimization of static shading devices for glare, daylight, view and energy consideration. Building and Environment, 217, 109110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109110

Dorcas Mobolade, T., & Pourvahidi, P. (2020). Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria. Sustainability, 12(10), 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104192

Economidou, M., Todeschi, V., Bertoldi, P., et al. (2020). Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings. Energy and Buildings, 225, 110322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110322

Elaouzy, Y., & El Fadar, A. (2022). A multi-level evaluation of bioclimatic design in Mediterranean climates. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102124

Fayomi, O. S. I., Agboola, O., Oyedepo, S. O., et al. (2021). A Review of Energy Consumption in Foundry Industry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 665(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012024

Franco, A., Shaker, M., Kalubi, D., et al. (2017). A review of sustainable energy access and technologies for healthcare facilities in the Global South. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 22, 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.02.022

Gatea, A, Mohideen Batcha, M. F., Taweekun, J. (2020). Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in hospital buildings: A review. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12(3), 33–41.

Gbadamosi, S. L., & Nwulu, N. I. (2022). Optimal Configuration of Hybrid Energy System for Rural Electrification of Community Healthcare Facilities. Applied Sciences, 12(9), 4262. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094262

GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. (2021). Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 397(10292), 2337–2360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7

González-Rodríguez, A., Alvarez, A., Guàrdia, A., et al. (2021). Psychiatric Partial Hospitalization Programs: Following World Health Organization Guidelines with a Special Focus on Women with Delusional Disorder. Women, 1(2), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.3390/women1020008

González-Torres, M., Pérez-Lombard, L., Coronel, J. F., et al. (2022). A review on buildings energy information: Trends, end-uses, fuels and drivers. Energy Reports, 8, 626–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.280

Grimm, P. D., Mauntel, T. C., & Potter, B. K. (2019). Combat and Noncombat Musculoskeletal Injuries in the US Military. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 27(3), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsa.0000000000000246

Guarda, E. L. A. da, Domingos, R. M. A., Jorge, S. H. M., Durante, L. C., et al. (2020). The influence of climate change on renewable energy systems designed to achieve zero energy buildings in the present: A case study in the Brazilian Savannah. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, 101843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101843

Guo, S., Yan, D., Hu, S., et al. (2020). Global comparison of building energy use data within the context of climate change. Energy and Buildings, 226, 110362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110362

Gupta, J., Chakraborty, M. (2021). Energy efficiency in buildings. In: Sustainable Fuel Technologies Handbook. Academic Press. pp. 457–480.

Hama Radha, C. (2023). Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building. Sustainability, 15(4), 3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043464

Kurz, K., Bock, C., Knodt, M., et al. (2022). A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed? Analysis of the Willingness to Share Self-Produced Electricity During a Long-lasting Power Outage. Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, 74(4), 727–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41471-022-00148-6

Latha, H., Patil, S., & Kini, P. G. (2022). Influence of architectural space layout and building perimeter on the energy performance of buildings: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 14(3), 431–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-022-00522-4

Mehta, R., Paredes, A. Z., Tsilimigras, D. I., et al. (2020). Influence of hospital teaching status on the chance to achieve a textbook outcome after hepatopancreatic surgery for cancer among Medicare beneficiaries. Surgery, 168(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2020.02.024

Middleton, W. E. K, Spilhaus, A. F. (2019). Meteorological Instruments. University of Toronto Press.

Miller, E., & Burton, L. O. (2020). Redesigning aged care with a biophilic lens: a call to action. Cities & Health, 7(2), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1772557

Okon, E. M., Falana, B. M., Solaja, S. O., et al. (2021). Systematic review of climate change impact research in Nigeria: implication for sustainable development. Heliyon, 7(9), e07941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07941

Ogbonnaya, M., Ajayi, O. O., Waheed, M. A., et al. (2019). Review on The Energy and Exergy Analysis of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using Nanolubricant. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1378(4), 042067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042067

Oyedepo, S. O., Dirisu, J. O., Udoye, N. E., Fayomi, O. S. I. (2022). Progresses on green and smart materials for multifaceted applications, In: Hussain, C. M., Di Sia, P. (editors). Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices. Springer.

Ozarisoy, B., & Altan, H. (2021). Systematic literature review of bioclimatic design elements: Theories, methodologies and cases in the South-eastern Mediterranean climate. Energy and Buildings, 250, 111281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111281

Pilosof, N. P. (2020). Building for Change: Comparative Case Study of Hospital Architecture. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 14(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586720927026

Pincus, D., Ravi, B., Wasserstein, D., et al. (2017). Association Between Wait Time and 30-Day Mortality in Adults Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery. JAMA, 318(20), 1994. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.17606

Rahman, Md. M., Tabash, M. I., Salamzadeh, A., et al. (2022). Sampling Techniques (Probability) for Quantitative Social Science Researchers: A Conceptual Guidelines with Examples. SEEU Review, 17(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2022-0023

Ridzuan, A. R., Ridzuan, A. R., Ridzuan, M. (2018). Research methods in communication research. E-Journal of Media and Society (e-JOMS), 1(1), 133–139.

Robinson, C. H., Klowak, J. A., Jeyakumar, N., et al. (2023). Long-term Health Care Utilization and Associated Costs After Dialysis-Treated Acute Kidney Injury in Children. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 81(1), 79-89.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.005

Salam, R. A., Amber, K. P., Ratyal, N. I., et al. (2020). An Overview on Energy and Development of Energy Integration in Major South Asian Countries: The Building Sector. Energies, 13(21), 5776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215776

Salem, R., Bahadori-Jahromi, A., Mylona, A., et al. (2019). Investigating the potential impact of energy-efficient measures for retrofitting existing UK hotels to reach the nearly zero energy building (nZEB) standard. Energy Efficiency, 12(6), 1577–1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09801-2

Schestak, I., Spriet, J., Styles, D., et al. (2020). Emissions down the drain: Balancing life cycle energy and greenhouse gas savings with resource use for heat recovery from kitchen drains. Journal of Environmental Management, 271, 110988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110988

Serdeczny, O., Adams, S., Baarsch, F., et al. (2016). Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions. Regional Environmental Change, 17(6), 1585–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0910-2

Shen, C., Zhao, K., Ge, J., et al. (2019). Analysis of Building Energy Consumption in a Hospital in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area. Energy Procedia, 158, 3735–3740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.883

Shi, Y., Yan, Z., Li, C., et al. (2021). Energy consumption and building layouts of public hospital buildings: A survey of 30 buildings in the cold region of China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, 103247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103247

Sleiti, A. K., Kapat, J. S., & Vesely, L. (2022). Digital twin in energy industry: Proposed robust digital twin for power plant and other complex capital-intensive large engineering systems. Energy Reports, 8, 3704–3726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.305

Sonta, A., Dougherty, T. R., & Jain, R. K. (2021). Data-driven optimization of building layouts for energy efficiency. Energy and Buildings, 238, 110815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110815

Sparks, D. S., Saifzadeh, S., Savi, F. M., et al. (2020). A preclinical large-animal model for the assessment of critical-size load-bearing bone defect reconstruction. Nature Protocols, 15(3), 877–924. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0271-2

Sun, Y., Haghighat, F., & Fung, B. C. M. (2020). A review of the-state-of-the-art in data-driven approaches for building energy prediction. Energy and Buildings, 221, 110022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110022

Tayler, A., Ashworth, H., Bou Saba, G., et al. (2022). Feasibility of a novel ultra-low-cost bubble CPAP (bCPAP) System for neonatal respiratory support at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. PLOS ONE, 17(12), e0269147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269147

Watson, D. (2020). Bioclimatic design. In: Loftness, V. (editor). Sustainable Built Environments. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series. Springer. pp. 19–41.

Xhexhi, K. (2023). Ecovillages and Ecocities. Springer International Publishing.

Zakaria, Z., Kamarudin, S. K., Abd Wahid, K. A., et al. (2021). The progress of fuel cell for malaysian residential consumption: Energy status and prospects to introduction as a renewable power generation system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, 110984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110984

Zhang, H., Yang, D., Tam, V. W. Y., et al. (2021). A critical review of combined natural ventilation techniques in sustainable buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 141, 110795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110795

Zhang, M., Yan, T., Wang, W., et al. (2022). Energy-saving design and control strategy towards modern sustainable greenhouse: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 164, 112602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112602

Zheng, W., Hu, J., Wang, Z., et al. (2021). COVID-19 Impact on Operation and Energy Consumption of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems. Advances in Applied Energy, 3, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100040

Zini, M., & Carcasci, C. (2023). Machine learning-based monitoring method for the electricity consumption of a healthcare facility in Italy. Energy, 262, 125576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125576